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Added prebuilt manual to repository to avoid failures to include it during releases
author lost@l-w.ca
date Sat, 27 Aug 2011 00:23:19 -0600
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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2 <HTML
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3 ><HEAD
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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Macros</TITLE
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6 ><META
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7 NAME="GENERATOR"
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8 CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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9 REL="HOME"
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10 TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
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11 HREF="index.html"><LINK
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12 REL="UP"
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13 TITLE="LWASM"
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14 HREF="c45.html"><LINK
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15 REL="PREVIOUS"
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16 TITLE="Assembler Directives"
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17 HREF="x193.html"><LINK
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18 REL="NEXT"
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19 TITLE="Structures"
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20 HREF="x499.html"></HEAD
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21 ><BODY
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22 CLASS="SECTION"
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23 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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24 TEXT="#000000"
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25 LINK="#0000FF"
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26 VLINK="#840084"
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27 ALINK="#0000FF"
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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33 BORDER="0"
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34 CELLPADDING="0"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x193.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="x499.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN476"
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77 >3.7. Macros</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
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81 series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
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82 assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
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83 additional assembler directives.</P
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84 ><P
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85 >Macros may accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within a
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86 macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
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87 through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
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88 decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). The special expansion "\*"
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89 translates to the exact parameter string, including all parameters, passed
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90 to the macro. These parameter references are replaced with the verbatim text
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91 of the parameter passed to the macro. A reference to a non-existent
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92 parameter will be replaced by an empty string. Macro parameters are expanded
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93 everywhere on each source line. That means the parameter to a macro could be
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94 used as a symbol or it could even appear in a comment or could cause an
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95 entire source line to be commented out when the macro is expanded. </P
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96 ><P
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97 >Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
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98 is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
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99 may be included in a macro parameter.</P
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100 ><P
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101 >Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
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102 expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
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103 hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
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104 the reason.</P
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105 ><P
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106 >Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
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107 inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
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108 the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
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109 within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
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110 outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
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111 as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
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112 as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
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113 rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
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114 an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P
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115 ><P
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116 >Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
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117 macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
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118 namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
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119 as a macro.</P
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120 ><P
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121 >Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
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122 only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
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123 definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P
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124 ><P
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125 >The following directives are used when defining macros.</P
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126 ><P
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127 ></P
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128 ><DIV
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129 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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130 ><DL
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131 ><DT
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132 ><CODE
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133 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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134 >macroname</CODE
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135 > MACRO [NOEXPAND]</DT
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136 ><DD
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137 ><P
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138 >This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
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139 <CODE
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140 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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141 >macroname</CODE
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142 >. If <CODE
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143 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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144 >macroname</CODE
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145 > already
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146 exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
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147 macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
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148 be relied upon.</P
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149 ><P
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150 >If NOEXPAND is specified, the macro will not be expanded in a program
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151 listing. Instead, all bytes emitted by all instructions within the macro
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152 will appear to be emitted on the line where the macro is invoked, starting
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153 at the address of the line of the invokation. If the macro uses ORG or other
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154 directives that define symbols or change the assembly address, these things
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155 will also be hidden (except in the symbol table) and the output bytes will
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156 appear with incorrect address attribution. Thus, NOEXPAND should only be
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157 used for macros that do not mess with the assembly address or otherwise
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158 define symbols that should be visible.</P
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159 ></DD
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160 ><DT
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161 >ENDM</DT
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162 ><DD
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163 ><P
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164 >This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
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165 causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P
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166 ></DD
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167 ></DL
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168 ></DIV
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169 ></DIV
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170 ><DIV
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171 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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172 ><HR
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173 ALIGN="LEFT"
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174 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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175 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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176 WIDTH="100%"
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177 BORDER="0"
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178 CELLPADDING="0"
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179 CELLSPACING="0"
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180 ><TR
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181 ><TD
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182 WIDTH="33%"
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183 ALIGN="left"
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184 VALIGN="top"
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185 ><A
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186 HREF="x193.html"
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187 ACCESSKEY="P"
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188 >Prev</A
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189 ></TD
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190 ><TD
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191 WIDTH="34%"
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192 ALIGN="center"
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193 VALIGN="top"
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194 ><A
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195 HREF="index.html"
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196 ACCESSKEY="H"
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197 >Home</A
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198 ></TD
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199 ><TD
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200 WIDTH="33%"
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201 ALIGN="right"
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202 VALIGN="top"
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203 ><A
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204 HREF="x499.html"
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205 ACCESSKEY="N"
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206 >Next</A
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207 ></TD
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208 ></TR
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209 ><TR
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210 ><TD
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211 WIDTH="33%"
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212 ALIGN="left"
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213 VALIGN="top"
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214 >Assembler Directives</TD
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215 ><TD
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216 WIDTH="34%"
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217 ALIGN="center"
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218 VALIGN="top"
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219 ><A
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220 HREF="c45.html"
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221 ACCESSKEY="U"
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222 >Up</A
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223 ></TD
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224 ><TD
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225 WIDTH="33%"
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226 ALIGN="right"
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227 VALIGN="top"
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228 >Structures</TD
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229 ></TR
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230 ></TABLE
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231 ></DIV
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232 ></BODY
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233 ></HTML
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234 >