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4 ><TITLE
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5 >Assembler Directives</TITLE
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28 ><DIV
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29 CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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30 ><TABLE
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31 SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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32 WIDTH="100%"
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35 CELLSPACING="0"
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36 ><TR
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37 ><TH
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38 COLSPAN="3"
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39 ALIGN="center"
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40 >LW Tool Chain</TH
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41 ></TR
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42 ><TR
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43 ><TD
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44 WIDTH="10%"
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45 ALIGN="left"
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46 VALIGN="bottom"
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47 ><A
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48 HREF="x139.html"
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49 ACCESSKEY="P"
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50 >Prev</A
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51 ></TD
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52 ><TD
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53 WIDTH="80%"
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54 ALIGN="center"
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55 VALIGN="bottom"
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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
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57 ><TD
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58 WIDTH="10%"
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59 ALIGN="right"
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60 VALIGN="bottom"
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61 ><A
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62 HREF="x378.html"
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63 ACCESSKEY="N"
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64 >Next</A
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65 ></TD
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66 ></TR
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67 ></TABLE
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68 ><HR
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69 ALIGN="LEFT"
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70 WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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71 ><DIV
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72 CLASS="SECTION"
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73 ><H1
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74 CLASS="SECTION"
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75 ><A
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76 NAME="AEN146"
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77 >3.6. Assembler Directives</A
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78 ></H1
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79 ><P
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80 >Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the
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81 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives
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82 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are
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83 described below.</P
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84 ><DIV
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85 CLASS="SECTION"
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86 ><H2
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87 CLASS="SECTION"
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88 ><A
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89 NAME="AEN149"
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90 >3.6.1. Data Directives</A
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91 ></H2
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92 ><P
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93 ></P
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94 ><DIV
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95 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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96 ><DL
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97 ><DT
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98 >FCB <CODE
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99 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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100 >expr[,...]</CODE
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101 >, .DB <CODE
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102 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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103 >expr[,...]</CODE
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104 >, .BYTE <CODE
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105 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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106 >expr[,...]</CODE
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107 ></DT
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108 ><DD
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109 ><P
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110 >Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</P
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111 ></DD
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112 ><DT
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113 >FDB <CODE
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114 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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115 >expr[,...]</CODE
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116 >, .DW <CODE
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117 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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118 >expr[,...]</CODE
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119 >, .WORD <CODE
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120 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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121 >expr[,...]</CODE
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122 ></DT
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123 ><DD
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124 ><P
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125 >Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</P
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126 ></DD
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127 ><DT
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128 >FQB <CODE
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129 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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130 >expr[,...]</CODE
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131 >, .QUAD <CODE
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132 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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133 >expr[,...]</CODE
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134 >, .4BYTE <CODE
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135 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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136 >expr[,...]</CODE
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137 ></DT
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138 ><DD
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139 ><P
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140 >Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</P
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141 ></DD
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142 ><DT
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143 >FCC <CODE
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144 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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145 >string</CODE
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146 >, .ASCII <CODE
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147 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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148 >string</CODE
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149 >, .STR <CODE
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150 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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151 >string</CODE
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152 ></DT
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153 ><DD
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154 ><P
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155 >Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand
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156 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear
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157 within the string. The string is included with no modifications></P
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158 ></DD
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159 ><DT
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160 >FCN <CODE
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161 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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162 >string</CODE
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163 >, .ASCIZ <CODE
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164 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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165 >string</CODE
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166 >, .STRZ <CODE
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167 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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168 >string</CODE
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169 ></DT
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170 ><DD
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171 ><P
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172 >Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of
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173 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and
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174 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to
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175 the string.</P
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176 ></DD
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177 ><DT
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178 >FCS <CODE
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179 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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180 >string</CODE
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181 >, .ASCIS <CODE
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182 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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183 >string</CODE
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184 >, .STRS <CODE
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185 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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186 >string</CODE
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187 ></DT
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188 ><DD
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189 ><P
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190 >Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The
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191 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last
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192 character and cannot appear within the string.</P
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193 ></DD
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194 ><DT
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195 >ZMB <CODE
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196 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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197 >expr</CODE
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198 ></DT
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199 ><DD
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200 ><P
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201 >Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
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202 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.</P
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203 ></DD
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204 ><DT
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205 >ZMD <CODE
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206 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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207 >expr</CODE
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208 ></DT
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209 ><DD
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210 ><P
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211 >Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully
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212 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
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213 permitted.</P
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214 ></DD
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215 ><DT
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216 >ZMQ <CODE
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217 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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218 >expr<CODE
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219 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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220 ></CODE
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221 ></CODE
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222 ></DT
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223 ><DD
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224 ><P
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225 >Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully
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226 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
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227 permitted.</P
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228 ></DD
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229 ><DT
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230 >RMB <CODE
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231 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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232 >expr</CODE
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233 >, .BLKB <CODE
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234 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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235 >expr</CODE
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236 >, .DS <CODE
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237 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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238 >expr</CODE
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239 >, .RS <CODE
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240 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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241 >expr</CODE
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242 ></DT
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243 ><DD
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244 ><P
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245 >Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
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246 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
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247 The value of the bytes is undefined.</P
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248 ></DD
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249 ><DT
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250 >RMD <CODE
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251 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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252 >expr</CODE
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253 ></DT
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254 ><DD
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255 ><P
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256 >Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully
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257 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
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258 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.</P
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259 ></DD
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260 ><DT
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261 >RMQ <CODE
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262 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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263 >expr</CODE
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264 ></DT
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265 ><DD
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266 ><P
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267 >Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully
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268 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
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269 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.</P
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270 ></DD
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271 ></DL
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272 ></DIV
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273 ></DIV
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274 ><DIV
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275 CLASS="SECTION"
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276 ><H2
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277 CLASS="SECTION"
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278 ><A
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279 NAME="AEN243"
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280 >3.6.2. Address Definition</A
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281 ></H2
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282 ><P
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283 >The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols
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284 or the assembly process itself.</P
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285 ><P
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286 ></P
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287 ><DIV
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288 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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289 ><DL
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290 ><DT
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291 >ORG <CODE
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292 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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293 >expr</CODE
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294 ></DT
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295 ><DD
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296 ><P
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297 >Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the
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298 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not
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299 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB
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300 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause
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301 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses
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302 of symbols when the raw target is used.</P
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303 ></DD
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304 ><DT
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305 ><CODE
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306 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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307 >sym</CODE
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308 > EQU <CODE
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309 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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310 >expr</CODE
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311 >, <CODE
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312 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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313 >sym</CODE
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314 > = <CODE
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315 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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316 >expr</CODE
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317 ></DT
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318 ><DD
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319 ><P
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320 >Define the value of <CODE
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321 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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322 >sym</CODE
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323 > to be <CODE
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324 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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325 >expr</CODE
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326 >.</P
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327 ></DD
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328 ><DT
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329 ><CODE
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330 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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331 >sym</CODE
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332 > SET <CODE
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333 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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334 >expr</CODE
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335 ></DT
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336 ><DD
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337 ><P
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338 >Define the value of <CODE
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339 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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340 >sym</CODE
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341 > to be <CODE
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342 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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343 >expr</CODE
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344 >.
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345 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET
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346 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement
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347 that sets its value is undefined.</P
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348 ></DD
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349 ><DT
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350 >SETDP <CODE
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351 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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352 >expr</CODE
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353 ></DT
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354 ><DD
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355 ><P
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356 >Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains
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357 <CODE
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358 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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359 >expr</CODE
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360 >. This directive is only advice to the assembler
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361 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect
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362 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during
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363 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.</P
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364 ><P
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365 >This directive has no effect in the object file target.</P
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366 ></DD
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367 ><DT
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368 >ALIGN <CODE
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369 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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370 >expr</CODE
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371 ></DT
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372 ><DD
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373 ><P
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374 >Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <CODE
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375 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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376 >expr</CODE
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377 >.
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378 A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The
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379 alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects
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380 the addresses of subsquent instructions.</P
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381 ><P
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382 >This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual
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383 code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed.</P
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384 ></DD
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385 ></DL
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386 ></DIV
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387 ></DIV
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388 ><DIV
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389 CLASS="SECTION"
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390 ><H2
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391 CLASS="SECTION"
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392 ><A
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393 NAME="AEN285"
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394 >3.6.3. Conditional Assembly</A
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395 ></H2
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396 ><P
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397 >Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions
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398 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The
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399 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.</P
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400 ><P
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401 >All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional
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402 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.</P
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403 ><P
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404 >Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass.
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405 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional
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406 change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will
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407 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</P
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408 ><P
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409 ></P
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410 ><DIV
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411 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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412 ><DL
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413 ><DT
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414 >IFEQ <CODE
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415 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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416 >expr</CODE
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417 ></DT
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418 ><DD
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419 ><P
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420 >If <CODE
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421 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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422 >expr</CODE
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423 > evaluates to zero, the conditional
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424 will be considered true.</P
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425 ></DD
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426 ><DT
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427 >IFNE <CODE
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428 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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429 >expr</CODE
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430 >, IF <CODE
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431 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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432 >expr</CODE
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433 ></DT
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434 ><DD
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435 ><P
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436 >If <CODE
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437 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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438 >expr</CODE
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439 > evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional
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440 will be considered true.</P
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441 ></DD
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442 ><DT
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443 >IFGT <CODE
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444 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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445 >expr</CODE
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446 ></DT
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447 ><DD
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448 ><P
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449 >If <CODE
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450 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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451 >expr</CODE
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452 > evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional
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453 will be considered true.</P
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454 ></DD
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455 ><DT
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456 >IFGE <CODE
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457 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
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|
458 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
459 ></DT
|
|
|
460 ><DD
|
|
|
461 ><P
|
|
|
462 >If <CODE
|
|
|
463 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
464 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
465 > evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional
|
|
|
466 will be considered true.</P
|
|
|
467 ></DD
|
|
|
468 ><DT
|
|
|
469 >IFLT <CODE
|
|
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470 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
471 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
472 ></DT
|
|
|
473 ><DD
|
|
|
474 ><P
|
|
|
475 >If <CODE
|
|
|
476 CLASS="PARAMETER"
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477 >expr</CODE
|
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|
478 > evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional
|
|
|
479 will be considered true.</P
|
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|
480 ></DD
|
|
|
481 ><DT
|
|
|
482 >IFLE <CODE
|
|
|
483 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
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|
484 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
485 ></DT
|
|
|
486 ><DD
|
|
|
487 ><P
|
|
|
488 >If <CODE
|
|
|
489 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
490 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
491 > evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional
|
|
|
492 will be considered true.</P
|
|
|
493 ></DD
|
|
|
494 ><DT
|
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|
495 >IFDEF <CODE
|
|
|
496 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
497 >sym</CODE
|
|
|
498 ></DT
|
|
|
499 ><DD
|
|
|
500 ><P
|
|
|
501 >If <CODE
|
|
|
502 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
503 >sym</CODE
|
|
|
504 > is defined at this point in the assembly
|
|
|
505 process, the conditional
|
|
|
506 will be considered true.</P
|
|
|
507 ></DD
|
|
|
508 ><DT
|
|
|
509 >IFNDEF <CODE
|
|
|
510 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
511 >sym</CODE
|
|
|
512 ></DT
|
|
|
513 ><DD
|
|
|
514 ><P
|
|
|
515 >If <CODE
|
|
|
516 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
517 >sym</CODE
|
|
|
518 > is not defined at this point in the assembly
|
|
|
519 process, the conditional
|
|
|
520 will be considered true.</P
|
|
|
521 ></DD
|
|
|
522 ><DT
|
|
|
523 >ELSE</DT
|
|
|
524 ><DD
|
|
|
525 ><P
|
|
|
526 >If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the
|
|
|
527 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at
|
|
|
528 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled.
|
|
|
529 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement
|
|
|
530 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions
|
|
|
531 of LWASM.</P
|
|
|
532 ></DD
|
|
|
533 ><DT
|
|
|
534 >ENDC</DT
|
|
|
535 ><DD
|
|
|
536 ><P
|
|
|
537 >This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional
|
|
|
538 construct must end with an ENDC directive.</P
|
|
|
539 ></DD
|
|
|
540 ></DL
|
|
|
541 ></DIV
|
|
|
542 ></DIV
|
|
|
543 ><DIV
|
|
|
544 CLASS="SECTION"
|
|
|
545 ><H2
|
|
|
546 CLASS="SECTION"
|
|
|
547 ><A
|
|
|
548 NAME="AEN349"
|
|
|
549 >3.6.4. Miscelaneous Directives</A
|
|
|
550 ></H2
|
|
|
551 ><P
|
|
|
552 >This section includes directives that do not fit into the other
|
|
|
553 categories.</P
|
|
|
554 ><P
|
|
|
555 ></P
|
|
|
556 ><DIV
|
|
|
557 CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
|
|
|
558 ><DL
|
|
|
559 ><DT
|
|
|
560 >INCLUDE <CODE
|
|
|
561 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
562 >filename</CODE
|
|
|
563 ></DT
|
|
|
564 ><DD
|
|
|
565 ><P
|
|
|
566 >Include the contents of <CODE
|
|
|
567 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
568 >filename</CODE
|
|
|
569 > at this point in
|
|
|
570 the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed.
|
|
|
571 Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file.</P
|
|
|
572 ></DD
|
|
|
573 ><DT
|
|
|
574 >END <CODE
|
|
|
575 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
576 >[expr]</CODE
|
|
|
577 ></DT
|
|
|
578 ><DD
|
|
|
579 ><P
|
|
|
580 >This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though
|
|
|
581 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <CODE
|
|
|
582 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
583 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
584 >
|
|
|
585 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all
|
|
|
586 other targets, specifying <CODE
|
|
|
587 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
588 >expr</CODE
|
|
|
589 > will cause an error.</P
|
|
|
590 ></DD
|
|
|
591 ><DT
|
|
|
592 >ERROR <CODE
|
|
|
593 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
594 >string</CODE
|
|
|
595 ></DT
|
|
|
596 ><DD
|
|
|
597 ><P
|
|
|
598 >Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause
|
|
|
599 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs
|
|
|
600 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.</P
|
|
|
601 ></DD
|
|
|
602 ><DT
|
|
|
603 >.MODULE <CODE
|
|
|
604 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
605 >string</CODE
|
|
|
606 ></DT
|
|
|
607 ><DD
|
|
|
608 ><P
|
|
|
609 >This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target
|
|
|
610 supports encoding a module name into it, <CODE
|
|
|
611 CLASS="PARAMETER"
|
|
|
612 >string</CODE
|
|
|
613 >
|
|
|
614 will be used as the module name.</P
|
|
|
615 ><P
|
|
|
616 >As of version 2.2, no supported output targets support this directive.</P
|
|
|
617 ></DD
|
|
|
618 ></DL
|
|
|
619 ></DIV
|
|
|
620 ></DIV
|
|
|
621 ></DIV
|
|
|
622 ><DIV
|
|
|
623 CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
|
624 ><HR
|
|
|
625 ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
|
626 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
|
627 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
|
628 WIDTH="100%"
|
|
|
629 BORDER="0"
|
|
|
630 CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
|
631 CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
|
632 ><TR
|
|
|
633 ><TD
|
|
|
634 WIDTH="33%"
|
|
|
635 ALIGN="left"
|
|
|
636 VALIGN="top"
|
|
|
637 ><A
|
|
|
638 HREF="x139.html"
|
|
|
639 ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
|
640 >Prev</A
|
|
|
641 ></TD
|
|
|
642 ><TD
|
|
|
643 WIDTH="34%"
|
|
|
644 ALIGN="center"
|
|
|
645 VALIGN="top"
|
|
|
646 ><A
|
|
|
647 HREF="index.html"
|
|
|
648 ACCESSKEY="H"
|
|
|
649 >Home</A
|
|
|
650 ></TD
|
|
|
651 ><TD
|
|
|
652 WIDTH="33%"
|
|
|
653 ALIGN="right"
|
|
|
654 VALIGN="top"
|
|
|
655 ><A
|
|
|
656 HREF="x378.html"
|
|
|
657 ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
|
658 >Next</A
|
|
|
659 ></TD
|
|
|
660 ></TR
|
|
|
661 ><TR
|
|
|
662 ><TD
|
|
|
663 WIDTH="33%"
|
|
|
664 ALIGN="left"
|
|
|
665 VALIGN="top"
|
|
|
666 >Numbers and Expressions</TD
|
|
|
667 ><TD
|
|
|
668 WIDTH="34%"
|
|
|
669 ALIGN="center"
|
|
|
670 VALIGN="top"
|
|
|
671 ><A
|
|
|
672 HREF="c35.html"
|
|
|
673 ACCESSKEY="U"
|
|
|
674 >Up</A
|
|
|
675 ></TD
|
|
|
676 ><TD
|
|
|
677 WIDTH="33%"
|
|
|
678 ALIGN="right"
|
|
|
679 VALIGN="top"
|
|
|
680 >Macros</TD
|
|
|
681 ></TR
|
|
|
682 ></TABLE
|
|
|
683 ></DIV
|
|
|
684 ></BODY
|
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|
685 ></HTML
|
|
|
686 > |
