changeset 285:9010796c6253 2.3 2.3.1

Generated manual for distribution
author lost
date Fri, 24 Apr 2009 22:36:09 +0000
parents a175fa4a0a9a
children 701132971855
files doc/manual/c10.html doc/manual/c18.html doc/manual/c35.html doc/manual/c491.html doc/manual/c639.html doc/manual/c701.html doc/manual/index.html doc/manual/manual.html doc/manual/x121.html doc/manual/x126.html doc/manual/x135.html doc/manual/x139.html doc/manual/x146.html doc/manual/x24.html doc/manual/x29.html doc/manual/x378.html doc/manual/x400.html doc/manual/x458.html doc/manual/x591.html doc/manual/x605.html
diffstat 20 files changed, 7164 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) [+]
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--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/c10.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Introduction</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Output Formats"
+HREF="c18.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c18.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN10"
+></A
+>Chapter 1. Introduction</H1
+><P
+>The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and
+HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker
+which support several styles of output.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN13"
+>1.1. History</A
+></H1
+><P
+>For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for
+the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of
+2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled
+on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not
+going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references.
+Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did
+not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked
+one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.</P
+><P
+>The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured
+I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to
+do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off
+work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.</P
+><P
+>As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became
+clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable,
+it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros
+in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling
+source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development
+effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK
+project to provide a means to actually link the files.</P
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c18.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>LW Tool Chain</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Output Formats</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/c18.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Output Formats</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Introduction"
+HREF="c10.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="DECB Binaries"
+HREF="x24.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c10.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x24.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN18"
+></A
+>Chapter 2. Output Formats</H1
+><P
+>The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its
+advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN21"
+>2.1. Raw Binaries</A
+></H1
+><P
+>A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other
+niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives
+in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for
+symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.</P
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c10.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x24.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Introduction</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>DECB Binaries</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/c35.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>LWASM</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Object Files"
+HREF="x29.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Dialects"
+HREF="x121.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x29.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x121.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN35"
+></A
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</H1
+><P
+>The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various
+features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly
+language programming.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN38"
+>3.1. Command Line Options</A
+></H1
+><P
+>The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower
+case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--decb</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-b</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=decb</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=type</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-f type</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select the output format. Valid values are <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>obj</CODE
+> for the object
+file target, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>decb</CODE
+> for the DECB LOADM format, and <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>raw</CODE
+>
+for a raw binary.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--list[=file]</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-l[file]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>file</CODE
+> is specified,
+the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output
+stream. By default, no listing is generated.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--obj</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--output=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-o FILE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
+default is <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>a.out</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--pragma=pragma</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-p pragma</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The
+pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described
+below.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--raw</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-r</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select raw binary as the output target.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--help</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-?</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Present a help screen describing the command line options.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--usage</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Provide a summary of the command line options.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--version</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-V</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Display the software version.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--debug</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-d</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the
+LWASM source code itself.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x29.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x121.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Object Files</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Dialects</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/c491.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>LWLINK</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Assembler Modes and Pragmas"
+HREF="x458.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Linker Operation"
+HREF="x591.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x458.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x591.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN491"
+></A
+>Chapter 4. LWLINK</H1
+><P
+>The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features
+of the linker.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN494"
+>4.1. Command Line Options</A
+></H1
+><P
+>The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower
+case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--decb</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-b</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=decb</CODE
+></P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--output=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-o FILE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
+default is <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>a.out</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=TYPE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-f TYPE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>decb</CODE
+>
+and <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>raw</CODE
+></P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--raw</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-r</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the raw output format.
+It is equivalent to <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=raw</CODE
+>.
+and <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>raw</CODE
+></P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--script=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-s</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's
+built in defaults.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--section-base=SECT=BASE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Cause section SECT to load at base address BASE. This will be prepended
+to the built-in link script. It is ignored if a link script is provided.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--map=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-m FILE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will output a description of the link result to FILE.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--library=LIBSPEC</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-l LIBSPEC</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Load a library using the library search path. LIBSPEC will have "lib" prepended
+and ".a" appended.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--library-path=DIR</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-L DIR</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Add DIR to the library search path.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--debug</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-d</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
+developers.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--help</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-?</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--usage</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display a usage summary.
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--version</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-V</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display the version of LWLINK.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x458.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x591.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Linker Operation</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/c639.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Libraries and LWAR</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Linking Scripts"
+HREF="x605.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Object Files"
+HREF="c701.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x605.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c701.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN639"
+></A
+>Chapter 5. Libraries and LWAR</H1
+><P
+>LWTOOLS also includes a tool for managing libraries. These are analogous to
+the static libraries created with the "ar" tool on POSIX systems. Each library
+file contains one or more object files. The linker will treat the object
+files within a library as though they had been specified individually on
+the command line except when resolving external references. External references
+are looked up first within the object files within the library and then, if
+not found, the usual lookup based on the order the files are specified on
+the command line occurs.</P
+><P
+>The tool for creating these libary files is called LWAR.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN643"
+>5.1. Command Line Options</A
+></H1
+><P
+>The binary for LWAR is called "lwar". Note that the binary is in lower
+case. The options lwar understands are listed below. For archive manipulation
+options, the first non-option argument is the name of the archive. All other
+non-option arguments are the names of files to operate on.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--add</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-a</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies that an archive is going to have files added to it.
+If the archive does not already exist, it is created. New files are added
+to the end of the archive.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--create</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-c</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies that an archive is going to be created and have files
+added to it. If the archive already exists, it is truncated.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--merge</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-m</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If specified, any files specified to be added to an archive will be checked
+to see if they are archives themselves. If so, their constituent members are
+added to the archive. This is useful for avoiding archives containing archives.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--list</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-l</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display a list of the files contained in the archive.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--debug</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-d</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
+developers.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--help</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-?</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--usage</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display a usage summary.
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--version</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-V</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display the version of LWLINK.
+of each.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x605.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c701.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Linking Scripts</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Object Files</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
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--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Object Files</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Libraries and LWAR"
+HREF="c639.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c639.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><H1
+><A
+NAME="OBJCHAP"
+></A
+>Chapter 6. Object Files</H1
+><P
+>LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense
+that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be
+hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter
+documents the object file format.</P
+><P
+>An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a
+list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of
+"local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each
+section will obviously also contain the object code.</P
+><P
+>Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the
+section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant
+rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</P
+><P
+>Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic
+number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only
+defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object
+file are <FONT
+COLOR="RED"
+>4C574F424A313600</FONT
+></P
+><P
+>Each section has the following items in order:</P
+><P
+></P
+><UL
+><LI
+><P
+>section name</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>flags</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</P
+></LI
+></UL
+><P
+>The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination
+followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two
+flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1
+indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual
+code is included in the object file.</P
+><P
+>Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more
+sections.</P
+><P
+>Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol
+(NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian
+order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.</P
+><P
+>Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression
+followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are
+defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term
+consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below)
+followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged
+by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="TABLE"
+><A
+NAME="AEN726"
+></A
+><P
+><B
+>Table 6-1. Object File Term Types</B
+></P
+><TABLE
+BORDER="1"
+FRAME="border"
+CLASS="CALSTABLE"
+><COL><COL><THEAD
+><TR
+><TH
+>TERMTYPE</TH
+><TH
+>Meaning</TH
+></TR
+></THEAD
+><TBODY
+><TR
+><TD
+>00</TD
+><TD
+>end of expression</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>01</TD
+><TD
+>integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>02</TD
+><TD
+>	external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>03</TD
+><TD
+>local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>04</TD
+><TD
+>operator (1 byte operator number)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>05</TD
+><TD
+>section base address reference</TD
+></TR
+></TBODY
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+><P
+>External references are resolved using other object files while local
+references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This
+allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as
+exported symbols or external references.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="TABLE"
+><A
+NAME="AEN753"
+></A
+><P
+><B
+>Table 6-2. Object File Operator Numbers</B
+></P
+><TABLE
+BORDER="1"
+FRAME="border"
+CLASS="CALSTABLE"
+><COL><COL><THEAD
+><TR
+><TH
+>Number</TH
+><TH
+>Operator</TH
+></TR
+></THEAD
+><TBODY
+><TR
+><TD
+>01</TD
+><TD
+>addition (+)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>02</TD
+><TD
+>subtraction (-)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>03</TD
+><TD
+>multiplication (*)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>04</TD
+><TD
+>division (/)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>05</TD
+><TD
+>modulus (%)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>06</TD
+><TD
+>integer division (\) (same as division)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>07</TD
+><TD
+>bitwise and</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>08</TD
+><TD
+>bitwise or</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>09</TD
+><TD
+>bitwise xor</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0A</TD
+><TD
+>boolean and</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0B</TD
+><TD
+>boolean or</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0C</TD
+><TD
+>unary negation, 2's complement (-)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0D</TD
+><TD
+>unary 1's complement (^)</TD
+></TR
+></TBODY
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+><P
+>An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for
+binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary
+operators preceding the operator.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c639.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Libraries and LWAR</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/index.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>LW Tool Chain</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Introduction"
+HREF="c10.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="BOOK"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="BOOK"
+><A
+NAME="AEN1"
+></A
+><DIV
+CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
+><H1
+CLASS="TITLE"
+><A
+NAME="AEN2"
+>LW Tool Chain</A
+></H1
+><H3
+CLASS="AUTHOR"
+><A
+NAME="AEN4"
+></A
+>William Astle</H3
+><P
+CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
+>Copyright &copy; 2009 William Astle</P
+><HR></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="TOC"
+><DL
+><DT
+><B
+>Table of Contents</B
+></DT
+><DT
+>1. <A
+HREF="c10.html"
+>Introduction</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>1.1. <A
+HREF="c10.html#AEN13"
+>History</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>2. <A
+HREF="c18.html"
+>Output Formats</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>2.1. <A
+HREF="c18.html#AEN21"
+>Raw Binaries</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>2.2. <A
+HREF="x24.html"
+>DECB Binaries</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>2.3. <A
+HREF="x29.html"
+>Object Files</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>3. <A
+HREF="c35.html"
+>LWASM</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>3.1. <A
+HREF="c35.html#AEN38"
+>Command Line Options</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.2. <A
+HREF="x121.html"
+>Dialects</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.3. <A
+HREF="x126.html"
+>Source Format</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.4. <A
+HREF="x135.html"
+>Symbols</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.5. <A
+HREF="x139.html"
+>Numbers and Expressions</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6. <A
+HREF="x146.html"
+>Assembler Directives</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>3.6.1. <A
+HREF="x146.html#AEN149"
+>Data Directives</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6.2. <A
+HREF="x146.html#AEN243"
+>Address Definition</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6.3. <A
+HREF="x146.html#AEN285"
+>Conditional Assembly</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6.4. <A
+HREF="x146.html#AEN349"
+>Miscelaneous Directives</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>3.7. <A
+HREF="x378.html"
+>Macros</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.8. <A
+HREF="x400.html"
+>Object Files and Sections</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.9. <A
+HREF="x458.html"
+>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>4. <A
+HREF="c491.html"
+>LWLINK</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>4.1. <A
+HREF="c491.html#AEN494"
+>Command Line Options</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>4.2. <A
+HREF="x591.html"
+>Linker Operation</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>4.3. <A
+HREF="x605.html"
+>Linking Scripts</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>5. <A
+HREF="c639.html"
+>Libraries and LWAR</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>5.1. <A
+HREF="c639.html#AEN643"
+>Command Line Options</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>6. <A
+HREF="c701.html"
+>Object Files</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="LOT"
+><DL
+CLASS="LOT"
+><DT
+><B
+>List of Tables</B
+></DT
+><DT
+>6-1. <A
+HREF="c701.html#AEN726"
+>Object File Term Types</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>6-2. <A
+HREF="c701.html#AEN753"
+>Object File Operator Numbers</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c10.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+>&nbsp;</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Introduction</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/manual.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,2367 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>LW Tool Chain</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="BOOK"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="BOOK"
+><A
+NAME="AEN1"
+></A
+><DIV
+CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
+><H1
+CLASS="TITLE"
+><A
+NAME="AEN2"
+>LW Tool Chain</A
+></H1
+><H3
+CLASS="AUTHOR"
+><A
+NAME="AEN4"
+></A
+>William Astle</H3
+><P
+CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
+>Copyright &copy; 2009 William Astle</P
+><HR></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="TOC"
+><DL
+><DT
+><B
+>Table of Contents</B
+></DT
+><DT
+>1. <A
+HREF="#AEN10"
+>Introduction</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>1.1. <A
+HREF="#AEN13"
+>History</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>2. <A
+HREF="#AEN18"
+>Output Formats</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>2.1. <A
+HREF="#AEN21"
+>Raw Binaries</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>2.2. <A
+HREF="#AEN24"
+>DECB Binaries</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>2.3. <A
+HREF="#AEN29"
+>Object Files</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>3. <A
+HREF="#AEN35"
+>LWASM</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>3.1. <A
+HREF="#AEN38"
+>Command Line Options</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.2. <A
+HREF="#AEN121"
+>Dialects</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.3. <A
+HREF="#AEN126"
+>Source Format</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.4. <A
+HREF="#AEN135"
+>Symbols</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.5. <A
+HREF="#AEN139"
+>Numbers and Expressions</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6. <A
+HREF="#AEN146"
+>Assembler Directives</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>3.6.1. <A
+HREF="#AEN149"
+>Data Directives</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6.2. <A
+HREF="#AEN243"
+>Address Definition</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6.3. <A
+HREF="#AEN285"
+>Conditional Assembly</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.6.4. <A
+HREF="#AEN349"
+>Miscelaneous Directives</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>3.7. <A
+HREF="#AEN378"
+>Macros</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.8. <A
+HREF="#AEN400"
+>Object Files and Sections</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>3.9. <A
+HREF="#AEN458"
+>Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>4. <A
+HREF="#AEN491"
+>LWLINK</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>4.1. <A
+HREF="#AEN494"
+>Command Line Options</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>4.2. <A
+HREF="#AEN591"
+>Linker Operation</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>4.3. <A
+HREF="#AEN605"
+>Linking Scripts</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>5. <A
+HREF="#AEN639"
+>Libraries and LWAR</A
+></DT
+><DD
+><DL
+><DT
+>5.1. <A
+HREF="#AEN643"
+>Command Line Options</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DD
+><DT
+>6. <A
+HREF="#OBJCHAP"
+>Object Files</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="LOT"
+><DL
+CLASS="LOT"
+><DT
+><B
+>List of Tables</B
+></DT
+><DT
+>6-1. <A
+HREF="#AEN726"
+>Object File Term Types</A
+></DT
+><DT
+>6-2. <A
+HREF="#AEN753"
+>Object File Operator Numbers</A
+></DT
+></DL
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><HR><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN10"
+></A
+>Chapter 1. Introduction</H1
+><P
+>The LW tool chain provides utilities for building binaries for MC6809 and
+HD6309 CPUs. The tool chain includes a cross-assembler and a cross-linker
+which support several styles of output.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN13"
+>1.1. History</A
+></H2
+><P
+>For a long time, I have had an interest in creating an operating system for
+the Coco3. I finally started working on that project around the beginning of
+2006. I had a number of assemblers I could choose from. Eventually, I settled
+on one and started tinkering. After a while, I realized that assembler was not
+going to be sufficient due to lack of macros and issues with forward references.
+Then I tried another which handled forward references correctly but still did
+not support macros. I looked around at other assemblers and they all lacked
+one feature or another that I really wanted for creating my operating system.</P
+><P
+>The solution seemed clear at that point. I am a fair programmer so I figured
+I could write an assembler that would do everything I wanted an assembler to
+do. Thus the LWASM probject was born. After more than two years of on and off
+work, version 1.0 of LWASM was released in October of 2008.</P
+><P
+>As the aforementioned operating system project progressed further, it became
+clear that while assembling the whole project through a single file was doable,
+it was not practical. When I found myself playing some fancy games with macros
+in a bid to simulate sections, I realized I needed a means of assembling
+source files separately and linking them later. This spawned a major development
+effort to add an object file support to LWASM. It also spawned the LWLINK
+project to provide a means to actually link the files.</P
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><HR><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN18"
+></A
+>Chapter 2. Output Formats</H1
+><P
+>The LW tool chain supports multiple output formats. Each format has its
+advantages and disadvantages. Each format is described below.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN21"
+>2.1. Raw Binaries</A
+></H2
+><P
+>A raw binary is simply a string of bytes. There are no headers or other
+niceties. Both LWLINK and LWASM support generating raw binaries. ORG directives
+in the source code only serve to set the addresses that will be used for
+symbols but otherwise have no direct impact on the resulting binary.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN24"
+>2.2. DECB Binaries</A
+></H2
+><P
+>A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended
+Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended
+Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well
+as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable
+sections, each of which has its own load address.</P
+><P
+>Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The
+first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load
+and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a
+string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another
+preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first
+byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are
+the execution address for the binary.</P
+><P
+>Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN29"
+>2.3. Object Files</A
+></H2
+><P
+>LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is
+described in <A
+HREF="#OBJCHAP"
+>Chapter 6</A
+>. LWLINK is then used to link these
+object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary
+formats.</P
+><P
+>Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not
+known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the
+addresses of such references are not known, there is no way for the assembler
+has to use sixteen bit addressing modes for these references. The linker
+will always use sixteen bits when resolving a reference which means any
+instruction that requires an eight bit operand cannot use external references.</P
+><P
+>Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid
+for other output types. This allows related code from each object file
+linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</P
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><HR><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN35"
+></A
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</H1
+><P
+>The LWTOOLS assembler is called LWASM. This chapter documents the various
+features of the assembler. It is not, however, a tutorial on 6x09 assembly
+language programming.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN38"
+>3.1. Command Line Options</A
+></H2
+><P
+>The binary for LWASM is called "lwasm". Note that the binary is in lower
+case. lwasm takes the following command line arguments.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--decb</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-b</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select the DECB output format target. Equivalent to <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=decb</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=type</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-f type</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select the output format. Valid values are <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>obj</CODE
+> for the object
+file target, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>decb</CODE
+> for the DECB LOADM format, and <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>raw</CODE
+>
+for a raw binary.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--list[=file]</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-l[file]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Cause LWASM to generate a listing. If <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>file</CODE
+> is specified,
+the listing will go to that file. Otherwise it will go to the standard output
+stream. By default, no listing is generated.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--obj</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select the proprietary object file format as the output target.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--output=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-o FILE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
+default is <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>a.out</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--pragma=pragma</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-p pragma</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Specify assembler pragmas. Multiple pragmas are separated by commas. The
+pragmas accepted are the same as for the PRAGMA assembler directive described
+below.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--raw</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-r</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Select raw binary as the output target.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--help</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-?</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Present a help screen describing the command line options.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--usage</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Provide a summary of the command line options.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--version</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-V</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Display the software version.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--debug</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-d</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Increase the debugging level. Only really useful to people hacking on the
+LWASM source code itself.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN121"
+>3.2. Dialects</A
+></H2
+><P
+>LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola.
+It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. There is some variation,
+however, in the pneumonics used for the block transfer instructions. LWASM
+uses TFM for all four of them as do several other assemblers. Others, such
+as CCASM, use four separate opcodes for it (compare: copy+, copy-, implode,
+and explode). There are advantages to both methods. However, it seems like
+TFM has the most traction and thus, this is what LWASM supports. Support
+for such variations may be added in the future.</P
+><P
+>The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the
+hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("&lt;") for forced
+eight bit modes, and the greater than sign ("&gt;") for forced sixteen bit modes.</P
+><P
+>Additionally, LWASM supports using the asterisk ("*") to indicate
+base page addressing. This should not be used in hand-written source code,
+however, because it is non-standard and may or may not be present in future
+versions of LWASM.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN126"
+>3.3. Source Format</A
+></H2
+><P
+>LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle
+lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able
+to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.</P
+><P
+>Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not
+be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing
+but a symbol.</P
+><P
+>The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is
+no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it.
+If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the
+opcode and operand is an optional comment.</P
+><P
+>A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is
+optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only
+thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is
+mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.</P
+><P
+>For compatibility with the output generated by some C preprocessors, LWASM
+will also ignore lines that begin with a #. This should not be used as a general
+comment character, however.</P
+><P
+>The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in
+the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.</P
+><P
+>LWASM does not support line numbers in the file.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN135"
+>3.4. Symbols</A
+></H2
+><P
+>Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots,
+dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or
+underscore.</P
+><P
+>LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one
+which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol.
+The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First,
+each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also
+be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol
+scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol
+as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general,
+a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN139"
+>3.5. Numbers and Expressions</A
+></H2
+><P
+>&#13;Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. Binary
+numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a "b" or "B".
+Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with "Q", "q", "O", or
+"o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$", "0x" or "0X", or suffixed
+with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but they can
+be prefixed with "&amp;" if desired. Any constant which begins with a letter
+must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be prefixed
+with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH or $FF.
+Numbers are not case sensitive.&#13;</P
+><P
+> A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The
+special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the
+current source line within expressions. </P
+><P
+>The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a
+single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by
+prefixing the characters with a quote (").</P
+><P
+>LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %.
+These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
+It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ respectively).
+For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is a no-op.</P
+><P
+>Operator precedence follows the usual rules. multiplication, division,
+and modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators
+take precedence over binary operators. To force a specific order of evaluation,
+parentheses can be used in the usual manner.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN146"
+>3.6. Assembler Directives</A
+></H2
+><P
+>Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the
+assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives
+that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are
+described below.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H3
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN149"
+>3.6.1. Data Directives</A
+></H3
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>FCB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .DB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .BYTE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FDB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .DW <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .WORD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FQB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .QUAD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .4BYTE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FCC <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .ASCII <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .STR <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand
+is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear
+within the string. The string is included with no modifications&#62;</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FCN <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .ASCIZ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .STRZ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of
+the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and
+cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to
+the string.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FCS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .ASCIS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .STRS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The
+first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last
+character and cannot appear within the string.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ZMB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
+during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ZMD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ZMQ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+></CODE
+></CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>RMB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, .BLKB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, .DS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, .RS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
+during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
+The value of the bytes is undefined.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>RMD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted. The value of the words is undefined.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>RMQ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H3
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN243"
+>3.6.2. Address Definition</A
+></H3
+><P
+>The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols
+or the assembly process itself.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>ORG <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the
+first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not
+permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB
+target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause
+a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses
+of symbols when the raw target is used.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EQU <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> = <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Define the value of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> to be <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> SET <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Define the value of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> to be <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>.
+Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET
+is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement
+that sets its value is undefined.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>SETDP <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>. This directive is only advice to the assembler
+to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect
+on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during
+the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.</P
+><P
+>This directive has no effect in the object file target.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ALIGN <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>.
+A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The
+alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects
+the addresses of subsquent instructions.</P
+><P
+>This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual
+code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H3
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN285"
+>3.6.3. Conditional Assembly</A
+></H3
+><P
+>Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions
+known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The
+directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.</P
+><P
+>All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional
+statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.</P
+><P
+>Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass.
+It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional
+change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will
+be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>IFEQ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFNE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, IF <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFGT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFGE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFLT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFLE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFDEF <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> is defined at this point in the assembly
+process, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFNDEF <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> is not defined at this point in the assembly
+process, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ELSE</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the
+statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at
+the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled.
+Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement
+although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions
+of LWASM.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDC</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional
+construct must end with an ENDC directive.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H3
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN349"
+>3.6.4. Miscelaneous Directives</A
+></H3
+><P
+>This section includes directives that do not fit into the other
+categories.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>INCLUDE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>filename</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include the contents of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>filename</CODE
+> at this point in
+the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed.
+Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>END <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>[expr]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though
+it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>
+can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all
+other targets, specifying <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> will cause an error.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ERROR <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause
+assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs
+to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>.MODULE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target
+supports encoding a module name into it, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>
+will be used as the module name.</P
+><P
+>As of version 2.2, no supported output targets support this directive.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN378"
+>3.7. Macros</A
+></H2
+><P
+>LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
+series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
+assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
+additional assembler directives.</P
+><P
+>Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within
+a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
+through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
+decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references
+are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A
+reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string.
+Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means
+the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear
+in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out
+when the macro is expanded.</P
+><P
+>Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
+is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
+may be included in a macro parameter.</P
+><P
+>Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
+expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
+hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
+the reason.</P
+><P
+>Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
+inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
+the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
+within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
+outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
+as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
+as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
+rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
+an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P
+><P
+>Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
+macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
+namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
+as a macro.</P
+><P
+>Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
+only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
+definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P
+><P
+>The following directives are used when defining macros.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>macroname</CODE
+> MACRO</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>macroname</CODE
+>. If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>macroname</CODE
+> already
+exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
+macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
+be relied upon.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDM</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
+causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN400"
+>3.8. Object Files and Sections</A
+></H2
+><P
+>The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows
+multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final
+binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project
+that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set
+of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process.
+This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros,
+symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time.
+By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough
+for a mere mortal to find things in them.</P
+><P
+>With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to
+symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The
+addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the
+object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be
+able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This
+places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For
+example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions
+that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not
+be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing
+cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved
+by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to
+allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the
+same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in
+the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.</P
+><P
+>It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped
+together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies
+to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped
+must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in.
+Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then,
+when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the
+same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.</P
+><P
+>The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even
+within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from
+different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external
+symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time,
+with all the limitations that entails.</P
+><P
+>In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that
+cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do
+not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes
+such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however,
+makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines
+the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.</P
+><P
+>All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the 
+source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are
+considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported.
+Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external,
+either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined
+symbols are external.</P
+><P
+>It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be
+used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file.
+These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the
+program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment.
+Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating
+sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including
+symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve
+references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file.
+It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any
+bytes to be output.</P
+><P
+>The following directives apply to section handling.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>SECTION <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+>, SECT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+>, .AREA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be
+considered part of the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+>. A section name
+may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from
+all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file.
+However, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>flags</CODE
+> may only be specified on the first
+instance of the section.</P
+><P
+>There is a single flag supported in <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>flags</CODE
+>. The
+flag <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>bss</CODE
+> will cause the section to be treated as a BSS
+section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any
+bytes be permitted to be output.</P
+><P
+>If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and
+lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case,
+the flag <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>!bss</CODE
+> can be used to override this assumption.</P
+><P
+>If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly
+ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although
+it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDSECTION, ENDSECT, ENDS</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any
+sections until the next SECTION directive.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTERN, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTERNAL, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> IMPORT</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive defines <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> as an external symbol.
+This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions
+are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the
+source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is
+optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined
+symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced
+before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXPORT, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> .GLOBL, EXPORT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+>, .GLOBL <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive defines <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> as an exported symbol.
+This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the
+definition of the exported symbol.</P
+><P
+>Note that <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> may appear as the operand or as the
+statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will
+take precedence over any operand that is present.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN458"
+>3.9. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
+></H2
+><P
+>There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
+Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
+they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
+such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
+the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
+not portable between assemblers.</P
+><P
+>LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
+otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
+way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
+are as follows.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>PRAGMA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>pragma[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>pragma</CODE
+>s
+specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
+pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
+the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>*PRAGMA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>pragma[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
+unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
+with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
+support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
+for correct functioning of the code.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+><P
+>Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
+The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
+it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
+to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is
+listed below.</P
+><P
+>Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>index0tonone</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
+modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
+not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
+no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
+of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>cescapes</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
+have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
+spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
+immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
+on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>undefextern</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
+force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
+automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
+apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
+subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
+this pragma defaults to off.</P
+><P
+>The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
+symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
+all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
+and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
+module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
+if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
+automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P
+><P
+>This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
+However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
+for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><HR><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN491"
+></A
+>Chapter 4. LWLINK</H1
+><P
+>The LWTOOLS linker is called LWLINK. This chapter documents the various features
+of the linker.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN494"
+>4.1. Command Line Options</A
+></H2
+><P
+>The binary for LWLINK is called "lwlink". Note that the binary is in lower
+case. lwlink takes the following command line arguments.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--decb</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-b</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Selects the DECB output format target. This is equivalent to <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=decb</CODE
+></P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--output=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-o FILE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the name of the output file. If not specified, the
+default is <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>a.out</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=TYPE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-f TYPE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the output format. Valid values are <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>decb</CODE
+>
+and <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>raw</CODE
+></P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--raw</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-r</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies the raw output format.
+It is equivalent to <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--format=raw</CODE
+>.
+and <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>raw</CODE
+></P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--script=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-s</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option allows specifying a linking script to override the linker's
+built in defaults.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--section-base=SECT=BASE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Cause section SECT to load at base address BASE. This will be prepended
+to the built-in link script. It is ignored if a link script is provided.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--map=FILE</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-m FILE</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will output a description of the link result to FILE.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--library=LIBSPEC</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-l LIBSPEC</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Load a library using the library search path. LIBSPEC will have "lib" prepended
+and ".a" appended.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--library-path=DIR</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-L DIR</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Add DIR to the library search path.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--debug</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-d</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
+developers.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--help</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-?</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--usage</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display a usage summary.
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--version</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-V</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display the version of LWLINK.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN591"
+>4.2. Linker Operation</A
+></H2
+><P
+>&#13;LWLINK takes one or more files in supported input formats and links them
+into a single binary. Currently supported formats are the LWTOOLS object
+file format and the archive format used by LWAR. While the precise method is
+slightly different, linking can be conceptualized as the following steps.&#13;</P
+><P
+></P
+><OL
+TYPE="1"
+><LI
+><P
+>First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it
+loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This
+script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final
+binary.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it
+flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols
+for each object at this time.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file
+according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses
+to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may
+also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single
+section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section
+to the first instance of the section.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference.
+It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it
+throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into
+the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an
+incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object
+file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object
+file.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file
+and actually constructs the binary.</P
+></LI
+></OL
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN605"
+>4.3. Linking Scripts</A
+></H2
+><P
+>A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the
+various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of
+directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.</P
+><P
+>The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are
+specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the
+section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports.
+A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have
+an undefined effect.</P
+><P
+>All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives
+are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.</P
+><P
+>A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not
+already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed
+by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also.
+If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section
+will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as
+bss will be matched.</P
+><P
+>The following directives are understood in a linker script.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+> load <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>addr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>&#13;This causes the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+> to load at
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>addr</CODE
+>. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is
+allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets,
+it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other
+affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but
+since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.</P
+><P
+>For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be
+output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for
+sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort
+everything out.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>&#13;This will cause the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+> to load after the previously listed
+section.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>exec <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>addr or sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address
+specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must
+match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked.
+This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the
+resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0
+which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets
+that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the
+first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>pad <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>size</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>size</CODE
+> bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><HR><H1
+><A
+NAME="AEN639"
+></A
+>Chapter 5. Libraries and LWAR</H1
+><P
+>LWTOOLS also includes a tool for managing libraries. These are analogous to
+the static libraries created with the "ar" tool on POSIX systems. Each library
+file contains one or more object files. The linker will treat the object
+files within a library as though they had been specified individually on
+the command line except when resolving external references. External references
+are looked up first within the object files within the library and then, if
+not found, the usual lookup based on the order the files are specified on
+the command line occurs.</P
+><P
+>The tool for creating these libary files is called LWAR.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><HR><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN643"
+>5.1. Command Line Options</A
+></H2
+><P
+>The binary for LWAR is called "lwar". Note that the binary is in lower
+case. The options lwar understands are listed below. For archive manipulation
+options, the first non-option argument is the name of the archive. All other
+non-option arguments are the names of files to operate on.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--add</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-a</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies that an archive is going to have files added to it.
+If the archive does not already exist, it is created. New files are added
+to the end of the archive.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--create</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-c</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option specifies that an archive is going to be created and have files
+added to it. If the archive already exists, it is truncated.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--merge</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-m</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If specified, any files specified to be added to an archive will be checked
+to see if they are archives themselves. If so, their constituent members are
+added to the archive. This is useful for avoiding archives containing archives.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--list</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-l</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display a list of the files contained in the archive.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--debug</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-d</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This option increases the debugging level. It is only useful for LWTOOLS
+developers.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--help</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-?</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This provides a listing of command line options and a brief description
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--usage</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display a usage summary.
+of each.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>--version</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="OPTION"
+>-V</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will display the version of LWLINK.
+of each.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="CHAPTER"
+><HR><H1
+><A
+NAME="OBJCHAP"
+></A
+>Chapter 6. Object Files</H1
+><P
+>LWTOOLS uses a proprietary object file format. It is proprietary in the sense
+that it is specific to LWTOOLS, not that it is a hidden format. It would be
+hard to keep it hidden in an open source tool chain anyway. This chapter
+documents the object file format.</P
+><P
+>An object file consists of a series of sections each of which contains a
+list of exported symbols, a list of incomplete references, and a list of
+"local" symbols which may be used in calculating incomplete references. Each
+section will obviously also contain the object code.</P
+><P
+>Exported symbols must be completely resolved to an address within the
+section it is exported from. That is, an exported symbol must be a constant
+rather than defined in terms of other symbols.</P
+><P
+>Each object file starts with a magic number and version number. The magic
+number is the string "LWOBJ16" for this 16 bit object file format. The only
+defined version number is currently 0. Thus, the first 8 bytes of the object
+file are <FONT
+COLOR="RED"
+>4C574F424A313600</FONT
+></P
+><P
+>Each section has the following items in order:</P
+><P
+></P
+><UL
+><LI
+><P
+>section name</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>flags</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>list of local symbols (and addresses within the section)</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>list of exported symbols (and addresses within the section)</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>list of incomplete references along with the expressions to calculate them</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>the actual object code (for non-BSS sections)</P
+></LI
+></UL
+><P
+>The section starts with the name of the section with a NUL termination
+followed by a series of flag bytes terminated by NUL. There are only two
+flag bytes defined. A NUL (0) indicates no more flags and a value of 1
+indicates the section is a BSS section. For a BSS section, no actual
+code is included in the object file.</P
+><P
+>Either a NULL section name or end of file indicate the presence of no more
+sections.</P
+><P
+>Each entry in the exported and local symbols table consists of the symbol
+(NUL terminated) followed by two bytes which contain the value in big endian
+order. The end of a symbol table is indicated by a NULL symbol name.</P
+><P
+>Each entry in the incomplete references table consists of an expression
+followed by a 16 bit offset where the reference goes. Expressions are
+defined as a series of terms up to an "end of expression" term. Each term
+consists of a single byte which identifies the type of term (see below)
+followed by any data required by the term. Then end of the list is flagged
+by a NULL expression (only an end of expression term).</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="TABLE"
+><A
+NAME="AEN726"
+></A
+><P
+><B
+>Table 6-1. Object File Term Types</B
+></P
+><TABLE
+BORDER="1"
+FRAME="border"
+CLASS="CALSTABLE"
+><COL><COL><THEAD
+><TR
+><TH
+>TERMTYPE</TH
+><TH
+>Meaning</TH
+></TR
+></THEAD
+><TBODY
+><TR
+><TD
+>00</TD
+><TD
+>end of expression</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>01</TD
+><TD
+>integer (16 bit in big endian order follows)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>02</TD
+><TD
+>	external symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>03</TD
+><TD
+>local symbol reference (NUL terminated symbol name follows)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>04</TD
+><TD
+>operator (1 byte operator number)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>05</TD
+><TD
+>section base address reference</TD
+></TR
+></TBODY
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+><P
+>External references are resolved using other object files while local
+references are resolved using the local symbol table(s) from this file. This
+allows local symbols that are not exported to have the same names as
+exported symbols or external references.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="TABLE"
+><A
+NAME="AEN753"
+></A
+><P
+><B
+>Table 6-2. Object File Operator Numbers</B
+></P
+><TABLE
+BORDER="1"
+FRAME="border"
+CLASS="CALSTABLE"
+><COL><COL><THEAD
+><TR
+><TH
+>Number</TH
+><TH
+>Operator</TH
+></TR
+></THEAD
+><TBODY
+><TR
+><TD
+>01</TD
+><TD
+>addition (+)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>02</TD
+><TD
+>subtraction (-)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>03</TD
+><TD
+>multiplication (*)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>04</TD
+><TD
+>division (/)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>05</TD
+><TD
+>modulus (%)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>06</TD
+><TD
+>integer division (\) (same as division)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>07</TD
+><TD
+>bitwise and</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>08</TD
+><TD
+>bitwise or</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>09</TD
+><TD
+>bitwise xor</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0A</TD
+><TD
+>boolean and</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0B</TD
+><TD
+>boolean or</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0C</TD
+><TD
+>unary negation, 2's complement (-)</TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+>0D</TD
+><TD
+>unary 1's complement (^)</TD
+></TR
+></TBODY
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+><P
+>An expression is represented in a postfix manner with both operands for
+binary operators preceding the operator and the single operand for unary
+operators preceding the operator.</P
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x121.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Dialects</TITLE
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+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
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+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
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+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x126.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN121"
+>3.2. Dialects</A
+></H1
+><P
+>LWASM supports all documented MC6809 instructions as defined by Motorola.
+It also supports all known HD6309 instructions. There is some variation,
+however, in the pneumonics used for the block transfer instructions. LWASM
+uses TFM for all four of them as do several other assemblers. Others, such
+as CCASM, use four separate opcodes for it (compare: copy+, copy-, implode,
+and explode). There are advantages to both methods. However, it seems like
+TFM has the most traction and thus, this is what LWASM supports. Support
+for such variations may be added in the future.</P
+><P
+>The standard addressing mode specifiers are supported. These are the
+hash sign ("#") for immediate mode, the less than sign ("&lt;") for forced
+eight bit modes, and the greater than sign ("&gt;") for forced sixteen bit modes.</P
+><P
+>Additionally, LWASM supports using the asterisk ("*") to indicate
+base page addressing. This should not be used in hand-written source code,
+however, because it is non-standard and may or may not be present in future
+versions of LWASM.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+ACCESSKEY="P"
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+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
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+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
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+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
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+><A
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+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
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+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Source Format</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x126.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Source Format</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
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+HREF="c35.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
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+HREF="x135.html"></HEAD
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+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
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+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
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+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x121.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x135.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN126"
+>3.3. Source Format</A
+></H1
+><P
+>LWASM accepts plain text files in a relatively free form. It can handle
+lines terminated with CR, LF, CRLF, or LFCR which means it should be able
+to assemble files on any platform on which it compiles.</P
+><P
+>Each line may start with a symbol. If a symbol is present, there must not
+be any whitespace preceding it. It is legal for a line to contain nothing
+but a symbol.</P
+><P
+>The op code is separated from the symbol by whitespace. If there is
+no symbol, there must be at least one white space character preceding it.
+If applicable, the operand follows separated by whitespace. Following the
+opcode and operand is an optional comment.</P
+><P
+>A comment can also be introduced with a * or a ;. The comment character is
+optional for end of statement comments. However, if a symbol is the only
+thing present on the line other than the comment, the comment character is
+mandatory to prevent the assembler from interpreting the comment as an opcode.</P
+><P
+>For compatibility with the output generated by some C preprocessors, LWASM
+will also ignore lines that begin with a #. This should not be used as a general
+comment character, however.</P
+><P
+>The opcode is not treated case sensitively. Neither are register names in
+the operand fields. Symbols, however, are case sensitive.</P
+><P
+>LWASM does not support line numbers in the file.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x121.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x135.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Dialects</TD
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+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
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+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Symbols</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x135.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Symbols</TITLE
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+NAME="GENERATOR"
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+TITLE="Numbers and Expressions"
+HREF="x139.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
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+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x126.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x139.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN135"
+>3.4. Symbols</A
+></H1
+><P
+>Symbols have no length restriction. They may contain letters, numbers, dots,
+dollar signs, and underscores. They must start with a letter, dot, or
+underscore.</P
+><P
+>LWASM also supports the concept of a local symbol. A local symbol is one
+which contains either a "?" or a "@", which can appear anywhere in the symbol.
+The scope of a local symbol is determined by a number of factors. First,
+each included file gets its own local symbol scope. A blank line will also
+be considered a local scope barrier. Macros each have their own local symbol
+scope as well (which has a side effect that you cannot use a local symbol
+as an argument to a macro). There are other factors as well. In general,
+a local symbol is restricted to the block of code it is defined within.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
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+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x126.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x139.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Source Format</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
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+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+VALIGN="top"
+>Numbers and Expressions</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x139.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Numbers and Expressions</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
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+TITLE="LWASM"
+HREF="c35.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Symbols"
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+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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+VLINK="#840084"
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+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
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+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
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+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x135.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
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+WIDTH="10%"
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+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN139"
+>3.5. Numbers and Expressions</A
+></H1
+><P
+>&#13;Numbers can be expressed in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. Binary
+numbers may be prefixed with a "%" symbol or suffixed with a "b" or "B".
+Octal numbers may be prefixed with "@" or suffixed with "Q", "q", "O", or
+"o". Hexadecimal numbers may be prefixed with "$", "0x" or "0X", or suffixed
+with "H". No prefix or suffix is required for decimal numbers but they can
+be prefixed with "&amp;" if desired. Any constant which begins with a letter
+must be expressed with the correct prefix base identifier or be prefixed
+with a 0. Thus hexadecimal FF would have to be written either 0FFH or $FF.
+Numbers are not case sensitive.&#13;</P
+><P
+> A symbol may appear at any point where a number is acceptable. The
+special symbol "*" can be used to represent the starting address of the
+current source line within expressions. </P
+><P
+>The ASCII value of a character can be included by prefixing it with a
+single quote ('). The ASCII values of two characters can be included by
+prefixing the characters with a quote (").</P
+><P
+>LWASM supports the following basic binary operators: +, -, *, /, and %.
+These represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
+It also supports unary negation and unary 1's complement (- and ^ respectively).
+For completeness, a unary positive (+) is supported though it is a no-op.</P
+><P
+>Operator precedence follows the usual rules. multiplication, division,
+and modulus take precedence over addition and subtraction. Unary operators
+take precedence over binary operators. To force a specific order of evaluation,
+parentheses can be used in the usual manner.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
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+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
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+WIDTH="34%"
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+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
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+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x146.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Symbols</TD
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+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
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+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Assembler Directives</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x146.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Assembler Directives</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="LWASM"
+HREF="c35.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Numbers and Expressions"
+HREF="x139.html"><LINK
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+TITLE="Macros"
+HREF="x378.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
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+VLINK="#840084"
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+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
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+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x139.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x378.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN146"
+>3.6. Assembler Directives</A
+></H1
+><P
+>Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the
+assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives
+that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are
+described below.</P
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN149"
+>3.6.1. Data Directives</A
+></H2
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>FCB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .DB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .BYTE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FDB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .DW <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .WORD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FQB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .QUAD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+>, .4BYTE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FCC <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .ASCII <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .STR <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand
+is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear
+within the string. The string is included with no modifications&#62;</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FCN <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .ASCIZ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .STRZ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of
+the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and
+cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to
+the string.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>FCS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .ASCIS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>, .STRS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The
+first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last
+character and cannot appear within the string.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ZMB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
+during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ZMD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ZMQ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+></CODE
+></CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>RMB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, .BLKB <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, .DS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, .RS <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable
+during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.
+The value of the bytes is undefined.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>RMD <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted. The value of the words is undefined.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>RMQ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully
+resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are
+permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN243"
+>3.6.2. Address Definition</A
+></H2
+><P
+>The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols
+or the assembly process itself.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>ORG <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the
+first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not
+permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB
+target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause
+a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses
+of symbols when the raw target is used.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EQU <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> = <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Define the value of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> to be <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> SET <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Define the value of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> to be <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>.
+Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET
+is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement
+that sets its value is undefined.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>SETDP <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>. This directive is only advice to the assembler
+to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect
+on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during
+the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.</P
+><P
+>This directive has no effect in the object file target.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ALIGN <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>.
+A series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if required. The
+alignment value must be fully resolved on the first pass because it affects
+the addresses of subsquent instructions.</P
+><P
+>This directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual
+code. It is intended to appear where the bytes output will not be executed.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN285"
+>3.6.3. Conditional Assembly</A
+></H2
+><P
+>Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions
+known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The
+directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.</P
+><P
+>All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional
+statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.</P
+><P
+>Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass.
+It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional
+change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will
+be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>IFEQ <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFNE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>, IF <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFGT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFGE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFLT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFLE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFDEF <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> is defined at this point in the assembly
+process, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>IFNDEF <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> is not defined at this point in the assembly
+process, the conditional
+will be considered true.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ELSE</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the
+statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at
+the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled.
+Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement
+although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions
+of LWASM.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDC</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional
+construct must end with an ENDC directive.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H2
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN349"
+>3.6.4. Miscelaneous Directives</A
+></H2
+><P
+>This section includes directives that do not fit into the other
+categories.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>INCLUDE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>filename</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Include the contents of <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>filename</CODE
+> at this point in
+the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently being processed.
+Note that whitespace cannot appear in the name of the file.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>END <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>[expr]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though
+it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+>
+can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all
+other targets, specifying <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>expr</CODE
+> will cause an error.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ERROR <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause
+assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs
+to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>.MODULE <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target
+supports encoding a module name into it, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>string</CODE
+>
+will be used as the module name.</P
+><P
+>As of version 2.2, no supported output targets support this directive.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x139.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x378.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Numbers and Expressions</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Macros</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x24.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>DECB Binaries</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="Output Formats"
+HREF="c18.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Output Formats"
+HREF="c18.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Object Files"
+HREF="x29.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="SECTION"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c18.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 2. Output Formats</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x29.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN24"
+>2.2. DECB Binaries</A
+></H1
+><P
+>A DECB binary is compatible with the LOADM command in Disk Extended
+Color Basic on the CoCo. They are also compatible with CLOADM from Extended
+Color Basic. These binaries include the load address of the binary as well
+as encoding an execution address. These binaries may contain multiple loadable
+sections, each of which has its own load address.</P
+><P
+>Each binary starts with a preamble. Each preamble is five bytes long. The
+first byte is zero. The next two bytes specify the number of bytes to load
+and the last two bytes specify the address to load the bytes at. Then, a
+string of bytes follows. After this string of bytes, there may be another
+preamble or a postamble. A postamble is also five bytes in length. The first
+byte of the postamble is $FF, the next two are zero, and the last two are
+the execution address for the binary.</P
+><P
+>Both LWASM and LWLINK can output this format.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c18.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x29.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Output Formats</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c18.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Object Files</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x29.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Object Files</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="Output Formats"
+HREF="c18.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="DECB Binaries"
+HREF="x24.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="LWASM"
+HREF="c35.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="SECTION"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x24.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 2. Output Formats</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN29"
+>2.3. Object Files</A
+></H1
+><P
+>LWASM supports generating a proprietary object file format which is
+described in <A
+HREF="c701.html"
+>Chapter 6</A
+>. LWLINK is then used to link these
+object files into a final binary in any of LWLINK's supported binary
+formats.</P
+><P
+>Object files are very flexible in that they allow references that are not
+known at assembly time to be resolved at link time. However, because the
+addresses of such references are not known, there is no way for the assembler
+has to use sixteen bit addressing modes for these references. The linker
+will always use sixteen bits when resolving a reference which means any
+instruction that requires an eight bit operand cannot use external references.</P
+><P
+>Object files also support the concept of sections which are not valid
+for other output types. This allows related code from each object file
+linked to be collapsed together in the final binary.</P
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x24.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>DECB Binaries</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c18.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>LWASM</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x378.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Macros</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="LWASM"
+HREF="c35.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Assembler Directives"
+HREF="x146.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Object Files and Sections"
+HREF="x400.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="SECTION"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x146.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x400.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN378"
+>3.7. Macros</A
+></H1
+><P
+>LWASM is a macro assembler. A macro is simply a name that stands in for a
+series of instructions. Once a macro is defined, it is used like any other
+assembler directive. Defining a macro can be considered equivalent to adding
+additional assembler directives.</P
+><P
+>Macros my accept parameters. These parameters are referenced within
+a macro by the a backslash ("\") followed by a digit 1 through 9 for the first
+through ninth parameters. They may also be referenced by enclosing the
+decimal parameter number in braces ("{num}"). These parameter references
+are replaced with the verbatim text of the parameter passed to the macro. A
+reference to a non-existent parameter will be replaced by an empty string.
+Macro parameters are expanded everywhere on each source line. That means
+the parameter to a macro could be used as a symbol or it could even appear
+in a comment or could cause an entire source line to be commented out
+when the macro is expanded.</P
+><P
+>Parameters passed to a macro are separated by commas and the parameter list
+is terminated by any whitespace. This means that neither a comma nor whitespace
+may be included in a macro parameter.</P
+><P
+>Macro expansion is done recursively. That is, within a macro, macros are
+expanded. This can lead to infinite loops in macro expansion. If the assembler
+hangs for a long time while assembling a file that uses macros, this may be
+the reason.</P
+><P
+>Each macro expansion receives its own local symbol context which is not
+inherited by any macros called by it nor is it inherited from the context
+the macro was instantiated in. That means it is possible to use local symbols
+within macros without having them collide with symbols in other macros or
+outside the macro itself. However, this also means that using a local symbol
+as a parameter to a macro, while legal, will not do what it would seem to do
+as it will result in looking up the local symbol in the macro's symbol context
+rather than the enclosing context where it came from, likely yielding either
+an undefined symbol error or bizarre assembly results.</P
+><P
+>Note that there is no way to define a macro as local to a symbol context. All
+macros are part of the global macro namespace. However, macros have a separate
+namespace from symbols so it is possible to have a symbol with the same name
+as a macro.</P
+><P
+>Macros are defined only during the first pass. Macro expansion also
+only occurs during the first pass. On the second pass, the macro
+definition is simply ignored. Macros must be defined before they are used.</P
+><P
+>The following directives are used when defining macros.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>macroname</CODE
+> MACRO</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive is used to being the definition of a macro called
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>macroname</CODE
+>. If <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>macroname</CODE
+> already
+exists, it is considered an error. Attempting to define a macro within a
+macro is undefined. It may work and it may not so the behaviour should not
+be relied upon.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDM</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive indicates the end of the macro currently being defined. It
+causes the assembler to resume interpreting source lines as normal.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x146.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x400.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Assembler Directives</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c35.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="top"
+>Object Files and Sections</TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+></DIV
+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x400.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Object Files and Sections</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
+REL="UP"
+TITLE="LWASM"
+HREF="c35.html"><LINK
+REL="PREVIOUS"
+TITLE="Macros"
+HREF="x378.html"><LINK
+REL="NEXT"
+TITLE="Assembler Modes and Pragmas"
+HREF="x458.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
+CLASS="SECTION"
+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
+LINK="#0000FF"
+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVHEADER"
+><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TH
+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x378.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 3. LWASM</TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x458.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN400"
+>3.8. Object Files and Sections</A
+></H1
+><P
+>The object file target is very useful for large project because it allows
+multiple files to be assembled independently and then linked into the final
+binary at a later time. It allows only the small portion of the project
+that was modified to be re-assembled rather than requiring the entire set
+of source code to be available to the assembler in a single assembly process.
+This can be particularly important if there are a large number of macros,
+symbol definitions, or other metadata that uses resources at assembly time.
+By far the largest benefit, however, is keeping the source files small enough
+for a mere mortal to find things in them.</P
+><P
+>With multi-file projects, there needs to be a means of resolving references to
+symbols in other source files. These are known as external references. The
+addresses of these symbols cannot be known until the linker joins all the
+object files into a single binary. This means that the assembler must be
+able to output the object code without knowing the value of the symbol. This
+places some restrictions on the code generated by the assembler. For
+example, the assembler cannot generate direct page addressing for instructions
+that reference external symbols because the address of the symbol may not
+be in the direct page. Similarly, relative branches and PC relative addressing
+cannot be used in their eight bit forms. Everything that must be resolved
+by the linker must be assembled to use the largest address size possible to
+allow the linker to fill in the correct value at link time. Note that the
+same problem applies to absolute address references as well, even those in
+the same source file, because the address is not known until link time.</P
+><P
+>It is often desired in multi-file projects to have code of various types grouped
+together in the final binary generated by the linker as well. The same applies
+to data. In order for the linker to do that, the bits that are to be grouped
+must be tagged in some manner. This is where the concept of sections comes in.
+Each chunk of code or data is part of a section in the object file. Then,
+when the linker reads all the object files, it coalesces all sections of the
+same name into a single section and then considers it as a unit.</P
+><P
+>The existence of sections, however, raises a problem for symbols even
+within the same source file. Thus, the assembler must treat symbols from
+different sections within the same source file in the same manner as external
+symbols. That is, it must leave them for the linker to resolve at link time,
+with all the limitations that entails.</P
+><P
+>In the object file target mode, LWASM requires all source lines that
+cause bytes to be output to be inside a section. Any directives that do
+not cause any bytes to be output can appear outside of a section. This includes
+such things as EQU or RMB. Even ORG can appear outside a section. ORG, however,
+makes no sense within a section because it is the linker that determines
+the starting address of the section's code, not the assembler.</P
+><P
+>All symbols defined globally in the assembly process are local to the 
+source file and cannot be exported. All symbols defined within a section are
+considered local to the source file unless otherwise explicitly exported.
+Symbols referenced from external source files must be declared external,
+either explicitly or by asking the assembler to assume that all undefined
+symbols are external.</P
+><P
+>It is often handy to define a number of memory addresses that will be
+used for data at run-time but which need not be included in the binary file.
+These memory addresses are not initialized until run-time, either by the
+program itself or by the program loader, depending on the operating environment.
+Such sections are often known as BSS sections. LWASM supports generating
+sections with a BSS attribute set which causes the section definition including
+symbols exported from that section and those symbols required to resolve
+references from the local file, but with no actual code in the object file.
+It is illegal for any source lines within a BSS flagged section to cause any
+bytes to be output.</P
+><P
+>The following directives apply to section handling.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>SECTION <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+>, SECT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+>, .AREA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name[,flags]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Instructs the assembler that the code following this directive is to be
+considered part of the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+>. A section name
+may appear multiple times in which case it is as though all the code from
+all the instances of that section appeared adjacent within the source file.
+However, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>flags</CODE
+> may only be specified on the first
+instance of the section.</P
+><P
+>There is a single flag supported in <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>flags</CODE
+>. The
+flag <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>bss</CODE
+> will cause the section to be treated as a BSS
+section and, thus, no code will be included in the object file nor will any
+bytes be permitted to be output.</P
+><P
+>If the section name is "bss" or ".bss" in any combination of upper and
+lower case, the section is assumed to be a BSS section. In that case,
+the flag <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>!bss</CODE
+> can be used to override this assumption.</P
+><P
+>If assembly is already happening within a section, the section is implicitly
+ended and the new section started. This is not considered an error although
+it is recommended that all sections be explicitly closed.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>ENDSECTION, ENDSECT, ENDS</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive ends the current section. This puts assembly outside of any
+sections until the next SECTION directive.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTERN, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXTERNAL, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> IMPORT</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive defines <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> as an external symbol.
+This directive may occur at any point in the source code. EXTERN definitions
+are resolved on the first pass so an EXTERN definition anywhere in the
+source file is valid for the entire file. The use of this directive is
+optional when the assembler is instructed to assume that all undefined
+symbols are external. In fact, in that mode, if the symbol is referenced
+before the EXTERN directive, an error will occur.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+><CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> EXPORT, <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> .GLOBL, EXPORT <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+>, .GLOBL <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This directive defines <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> as an exported symbol.
+This directive may occur at any point in the source code, even before the
+definition of the exported symbol.</P
+><P
+>Note that <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>sym</CODE
+> may appear as the operand or as the
+statement's symbol. If there is a symbol on the statement, that will
+take precedence over any operand that is present.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="x378.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="34%"
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+></TR
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+></BODY
+></HTML
+>
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@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN458"
+>3.9. Assembler Modes and Pragmas</A
+></H1
+><P
+>There are a number of options that affect the way assembly is performed.
+Some of these options can only be specified on the command line because
+they determine something absolute about the assembly process. These include
+such things as the output target. Other things may be switchable during
+the assembly process. These are known as pragmas and are, by definition,
+not portable between assemblers.</P
+><P
+>LWASM supports a number of pragmas that affect code generation or
+otherwise affect the behaviour of the assembler. These may be specified by
+way of a command line option or by assembler directives. The directives
+are as follows.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>PRAGMA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>pragma[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>Specifies that the assembler should bring into force all <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>pragma</CODE
+>s
+specified. Any unrecognized pragma will cause an assembly error. The new
+pragmas will take effect immediately. This directive should be used when
+the program will assemble incorrectly if the pragma is ignored or not supported.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>*PRAGMA <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>pragma[,...]</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This is identical to the PRAGMA directive except no error will occur with
+unrecognized or unsupported pragmas. This directive, by virtue of starting
+with a comment character, will also be ignored by assemblers that do not
+support this directive. Use this variation if the pragma is not required
+for correct functioning of the code.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+><P
+>Each pragma supported has a positive version and a negative version.
+The positive version enables the pragma while the negative version disables
+it. The negatitve version is simply the positive version with "no" prefixed
+to it. For instance, "pragma" vs. "nopragma". Only the positive version is
+listed below.</P
+><P
+>Pragmas are not case sensitive.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>index0tonone</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>When in force, this pragma enables an optimization affecting indexed addressing
+modes. When the offset expression in an indexed mode evaluates to zero but is
+not explicity written as 0, this will replace the operand with the equivalent
+no offset mode, thus creating slightly faster code. Because of the advantages
+of this optimization, it is enabled by default.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>cescapes</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This pragma will cause strings in the FCC, FCS, and FCN pseudo operations to
+have C-style escape sequences interpreted. The one departure from the official
+spec is that unrecognized escape sequences will return either the character
+immediately following the backslash or some undefined value. Do not rely
+on the behaviour of undefined escape sequences.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>undefextern</DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This pragma is only valid for targets that support external references. When in
+force, if the assembler sees an undefined symbol on the second pass, it will
+automatically define it as an external symbol. This automatic definition will
+apply for the remainder of the assembly process, even if the pragma is
+subsequently turned off. Because this behaviour would be potentially surprising,
+this pragma defaults to off.</P
+><P
+>The primary use for this pragma is for projects that share a large number of
+symbols between source files. In such cases, it is impractical to enumerate
+all the external references in every source file. This allows the assembler
+and linker to do the heavy lifting while not preventing a particular source
+module from defining a local symbol of the same name as an external symbol
+if it does not need the external symbol. (This pragma will not cause an
+automatic external definition if there is already a locally defined symbol.)</P
+><P
+>This pragma will often be specified on the command line for large projects.
+However, depending on the specific dynamics of the project, it may be sufficient
+for one or two files to use this pragma internally.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
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+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
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+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x591.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Linker Operation</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
+REL="HOME"
+TITLE="LW Tool Chain"
+HREF="index.html"><LINK
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+HREF="c491.html"><LINK
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+HREF="c491.html"><LINK
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+TITLE="Linking Scripts"
+HREF="x605.html"></HEAD
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+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
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+VLINK="#840084"
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+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
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+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
+><TR
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+ALIGN="left"
+VALIGN="bottom"
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+HREF="c491.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
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+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 4. LWLINK</TD
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+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x605.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
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+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN591"
+>4.2. Linker Operation</A
+></H1
+><P
+>&#13;LWLINK takes one or more files in supported input formats and links them
+into a single binary. Currently supported formats are the LWTOOLS object
+file format and the archive format used by LWAR. While the precise method is
+slightly different, linking can be conceptualized as the following steps.&#13;</P
+><P
+></P
+><OL
+TYPE="1"
+><LI
+><P
+>First, the linker loads a linking script. If no script is specified, it
+loads a built-in default script based on the output format selected. This
+script tells the linker how to lay out the various sections in the final
+binary.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>Next, the linker reads all the input files into memory. At this time, it
+flags any format errors in those files. It constructs a table of symbols
+for each object at this time.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>The linker then proceeds with organizing the sections loaded from each file
+according to the linking script. As it does so, it is able to assign addresses
+to each symbol defined in each object file. At this time, the linker may
+also collapse different instances of the same section name into a single
+section by appending the data from each subsequent instance of the section
+to the first instance of the section.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>Next, the linker looks through every object file for every incomplete reference.
+It then attempts to fully resolve that reference. If it cannot do so, it
+throws an error. Once a reference is resolved, the value is placed into
+the binary code at the specified section. It should be noted that an
+incomplete reference can reference either a symbol internal to the object
+file or an external symbol which is in the export list of another object
+file.</P
+></LI
+><LI
+><P
+>If all of the above steps are successful, the linker opens the output file
+and actually constructs the binary.</P
+></LI
+></OL
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+></TR
+><TR
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+></HTML
+>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/doc/manual/x605.html	Fri Apr 24 22:36:09 2009 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<HTML
+><HEAD
+><TITLE
+>Linking Scripts</TITLE
+><META
+NAME="GENERATOR"
+CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
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+HREF="index.html"><LINK
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+HREF="c639.html"></HEAD
+><BODY
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+BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
+TEXT="#000000"
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+VLINK="#840084"
+ALINK="#0000FF"
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+SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
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+COLSPAN="3"
+ALIGN="center"
+>LW Tool Chain</TH
+></TR
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+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="x591.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
+></TD
+><TD
+WIDTH="80%"
+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+>Chapter 4. LWLINK</TD
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+WIDTH="10%"
+ALIGN="right"
+VALIGN="bottom"
+><A
+HREF="c639.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
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+></TABLE
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><H1
+CLASS="SECTION"
+><A
+NAME="AEN605"
+>4.3. Linking Scripts</A
+></H1
+><P
+>A linker script is used to instruct the linker about how to assemble the
+various sections into a completed binary. It consists of a series of
+directives which are considered in the order they are encountered.</P
+><P
+>The sections will appear in the resulting binary in the order they are
+specified in the script file. If a referenced section is not found, the linker will behave as though the
+section did exist but had a zero size, no relocations, and no exports.
+A section should only be referenced once. Any subsequent references will have
+an undefined effect.</P
+><P
+>All numbers are in linking scripts are specified in hexadecimal. All directives
+are case sensitive although the hexadecimal numbers are not.</P
+><P
+>A section name can be specified as a "*", then any section not
+already matched by the script will be matched. The "*" can be followed
+by a comma and a flag to narrow the section down slightly, also.
+If the flag is "!bss", then any section that is not flagged as a bss section
+will be matched. If the flag is "bss", then any section that is flagged as
+bss will be matched.</P
+><P
+>The following directives are understood in a linker script.</P
+><P
+></P
+><DIV
+CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
+><DL
+><DT
+>section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+> load <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>addr</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>&#13;This causes the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+> to load at
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>addr</CODE
+>. For the raw target, only one "load at" entry is
+allowed for non-bss sections and it must be the first one. For raw targets,
+it affects the addresses the linker assigns to symbols but has no other
+affect on the output. bss sections may all have separate load addresses but
+since they will not appear in the binary anyway, this is okay.</P
+><P
+>For the decb target, each "load" entry will cause a new "block" to be
+output to the binary which will contain the load address. It is legal for
+sections to overlap in this manner - the linker assumes the loader will sort
+everything out.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>&#13;This will cause the section <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>name</CODE
+> to load after the previously listed
+section.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>exec <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>addr or sym</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will cause the execution address (entry point) to be the address
+specified (in hex) or the specified symbol name. The symbol name must
+match a symbol that is exported by one of the object files being linked.
+This has no effect for targets that do not encode the entry point into the
+resulting file. If not specified, the entry point is assumed to be address 0
+which is probably not what you want. The default link scripts for targets
+that support this directive automatically starts at the beginning of the
+first section (usually "init" or "code") that is emitted in the binary.</P
+></DD
+><DT
+>pad <CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>size</CODE
+></DT
+><DD
+><P
+>This will cause the output file to be padded with NUL bytes to be exactly
+<CODE
+CLASS="PARAMETER"
+>size</CODE
+> bytes in length. This only makes sense for a raw target.</P
+></DD
+></DL
+></DIV
+></DIV
+><DIV
+CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
+><HR
+ALIGN="LEFT"
+WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
+SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
+WIDTH="100%"
+BORDER="0"
+CELLPADDING="0"
+CELLSPACING="0"
+><TR
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+VALIGN="top"
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+HREF="x591.html"
+ACCESSKEY="P"
+>Prev</A
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+WIDTH="34%"
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+HREF="index.html"
+ACCESSKEY="H"
+>Home</A
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+WIDTH="33%"
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+VALIGN="top"
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+HREF="c639.html"
+ACCESSKEY="N"
+>Next</A
+></TD
+></TR
+><TR
+><TD
+WIDTH="33%"
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+ALIGN="center"
+VALIGN="top"
+><A
+HREF="c491.html"
+ACCESSKEY="U"
+>Up</A
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