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56 >Chapter 3. LWASM</TD | |
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71 ><DIV | |
72 CLASS="SECTION" | |
73 ><H1 | |
74 CLASS="SECTION" | |
75 ><A | |
76 NAME="AEN181" | |
77 >3.6. Assembler Directives</A | |
78 ></H1 | |
79 ><P | |
80 >Various directives can be used to control the behaviour of the | |
81 assembler or to include non-code/data in the resulting output. Those directives | |
82 that are not described in detail in other sections of this document are | |
83 described below.</P | |
84 ><DIV | |
85 CLASS="SECTION" | |
86 ><H2 | |
87 CLASS="SECTION" | |
88 ><A | |
89 NAME="AEN184" | |
90 >3.6.1. Data Directives</A | |
91 ></H2 | |
92 ><P | |
93 ></P | |
94 ><DIV | |
95 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" | |
96 ><DL | |
97 ><DT | |
98 >FCB <CODE | |
99 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
100 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
101 >, .DB <CODE | |
102 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
103 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
104 >, .BYTE <CODE | |
105 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
106 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
107 ></DT | |
108 ><DD | |
109 ><P | |
110 >Include one or more constant bytes (separated by commas) in the output.</P | |
111 ></DD | |
112 ><DT | |
113 >FDB <CODE | |
114 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
115 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
116 >, .DW <CODE | |
117 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
118 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
119 >, .WORD <CODE | |
120 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
121 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
122 ></DT | |
123 ><DD | |
124 ><P | |
125 >Include one or more words (separated by commas) in the output.</P | |
126 ></DD | |
127 ><DT | |
128 >FQB <CODE | |
129 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
130 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
131 >, .QUAD <CODE | |
132 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
133 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
134 >, .4BYTE <CODE | |
135 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
136 >expr[,...]</CODE | |
137 ></DT | |
138 ><DD | |
139 ><P | |
140 >Include one or more double words (separated by commas) in the output.</P | |
141 ></DD | |
142 ><DT | |
143 >FCC <CODE | |
144 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
145 >string</CODE | |
146 >, .ASCII <CODE | |
147 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
148 >string</CODE | |
149 >, .STR <CODE | |
150 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
151 >string</CODE | |
152 ></DT | |
153 ><DD | |
154 ><P | |
155 >Include a string of text in the output. The first character of the operand | |
156 is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and cannot appear | |
157 within the string. The string is included with no modifications></P | |
158 ></DD | |
159 ><DT | |
160 >FCN <CODE | |
161 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
162 >string</CODE | |
163 >, .ASCIZ <CODE | |
164 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
165 >string</CODE | |
166 >, .STRZ <CODE | |
167 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
168 >string</CODE | |
169 ></DT | |
170 ><DD | |
171 ><P | |
172 >Include a NUL terminated string of text in the output. The first character of | |
173 the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last character and | |
174 cannot appear within the string. A NUL byte is automatically appended to | |
175 the string.</P | |
176 ></DD | |
177 ><DT | |
178 >FCS <CODE | |
179 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
180 >string</CODE | |
181 >, .ASCIS <CODE | |
182 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
183 >string</CODE | |
184 >, .STRS <CODE | |
185 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
186 >string</CODE | |
187 ></DT | |
188 ><DD | |
189 ><P | |
190 >Include a string of text in the output with bit 7 of the final byte set. The | |
191 first character of the operand is the delimiter which must appear as the last | |
192 character and cannot appear within the string.</P | |
193 ></DD | |
194 ><DT | |
195 >ZMB <CODE | |
196 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
197 >expr</CODE | |
198 ></DT | |
199 ><DD | |
200 ><P | |
201 >Include a number of NUL bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable | |
202 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted.</P | |
203 ></DD | |
204 ><DT | |
205 >ZMD <CODE | |
206 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
207 >expr</CODE | |
208 ></DT | |
209 ><DD | |
210 ><P | |
211 >Include a number of zero words in the output. The number must be fully | |
212 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are | |
213 permitted.</P | |
214 ></DD | |
215 ><DT | |
216 >ZMQ <CODE | |
217 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
218 >expr<CODE | |
219 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
220 ></CODE | |
221 ></CODE | |
222 ></DT | |
223 ><DD | |
224 ><P | |
225 >Include a number of zero double-words in the output. The number must be fully | |
226 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are | |
227 permitted.</P | |
228 ></DD | |
229 ><DT | |
230 >RMB <CODE | |
231 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
232 >expr</CODE | |
233 >, .BLKB <CODE | |
234 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
235 >expr</CODE | |
236 >, .DS <CODE | |
237 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
238 >expr</CODE | |
239 >, .RS <CODE | |
240 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
241 >expr</CODE | |
242 ></DT | |
243 ><DD | |
244 ><P | |
245 >Reserve a number of bytes in the output. The number must be fully resolvable | |
246 during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are permitted. | |
247 The value of the bytes is undefined.</P | |
248 ></DD | |
249 ><DT | |
250 >RMD <CODE | |
251 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
252 >expr</CODE | |
253 ></DT | |
254 ><DD | |
255 ><P | |
256 >Reserve a number of words in the output. The number must be fully | |
257 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are | |
258 permitted. The value of the words is undefined.</P | |
259 ></DD | |
260 ><DT | |
261 >RMQ <CODE | |
262 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
263 >expr</CODE | |
264 ></DT | |
265 ><DD | |
266 ><P | |
267 >Reserve a number of double-words in the output. The number must be fully | |
268 resolvable during pass 1 of assembly so no forward or external references are | |
269 permitted. The value of the double-words is undefined.</P | |
270 ></DD | |
271 ><DT | |
272 >INCLUDEBIN <CODE | |
273 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
274 >filename</CODE | |
275 ></DT | |
276 ><DD | |
277 ><P | |
278 >Treat the contents of <CODE | |
279 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
280 >filename</CODE | |
281 > as a string of bytes to | |
282 be included literally at the current assembly point. This has the same effect | |
283 as converting the file contents to a series of FCB statements and including | |
284 those at the current assembly point.</P | |
285 ><P | |
286 > If <CODE | |
287 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
288 >filename</CODE | |
289 > beings with a /, the file name | |
290 will be taken as absolute. Otherwise, the current directory will be | |
291 searched followed by the search path in the order specified.</P | |
292 ><P | |
293 > Please note that absolute path detection including drive letters will | |
294 not function correctly on Windows platforms. Non-absolute inclusion will | |
295 work, however.</P | |
296 ></DD | |
297 ></DL | |
298 ></DIV | |
299 ></DIV | |
300 ><DIV | |
301 CLASS="SECTION" | |
302 ><H2 | |
303 CLASS="SECTION" | |
304 ><A | |
305 NAME="AEN287" | |
306 >3.6.2. Address Definition</A | |
307 ></H2 | |
308 ><P | |
309 >The directives in this section all control the addresses of symbols | |
310 or the assembly process itself.</P | |
311 ><P | |
312 ></P | |
313 ><DIV | |
314 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" | |
315 ><DL | |
316 ><DT | |
317 >ORG <CODE | |
318 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
319 >expr</CODE | |
320 ></DT | |
321 ><DD | |
322 ><P | |
323 >Set the assembly address. The address must be fully resolvable on the | |
324 first pass so no external or forward references are permitted. ORG is not | |
325 permitted within sections when outputting to object files. For the DECB | |
326 target, each ORG directive after which output is generated will cause | |
327 a new preamble to be output. ORG is only used to determine the addresses | |
328 of symbols when the raw target is used.</P | |
329 ></DD | |
330 ><DT | |
331 ><CODE | |
332 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
333 >sym</CODE | |
334 > EQU <CODE | |
335 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
336 >expr</CODE | |
337 >, <CODE | |
338 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
339 >sym</CODE | |
340 > = <CODE | |
341 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
342 >expr</CODE | |
343 ></DT | |
344 ><DD | |
345 ><P | |
346 >Define the value of <CODE | |
347 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
348 >sym</CODE | |
349 > to be <CODE | |
350 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
351 >expr</CODE | |
352 >.</P | |
353 ></DD | |
354 ><DT | |
355 ><CODE | |
356 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
357 >sym</CODE | |
358 > SET <CODE | |
359 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
360 >expr</CODE | |
361 ></DT | |
362 ><DD | |
363 ><P | |
364 >Define the value of <CODE | |
365 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
366 >sym</CODE | |
367 > to be <CODE | |
368 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
369 >expr</CODE | |
370 >. | |
371 Unlike EQU, SET permits symbols to be defined multiple times as long as SET | |
372 is used for all instances. Use of the symbol before the first SET statement | |
373 that sets its value is undefined.</P | |
374 ></DD | |
375 ><DT | |
376 >SETDP <CODE | |
377 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
378 >expr</CODE | |
379 ></DT | |
380 ><DD | |
381 ><P | |
382 >Inform the assembler that it can assume the DP register contains | |
383 <CODE | |
384 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
385 >expr</CODE | |
386 >. This directive is only advice to the assembler | |
387 to determine whether an address is in the direct page and has no effect | |
388 on the contents of the DP register. The value must be fully resolved during | |
389 the first assembly pass because it affects the sizes of subsequent instructions.</P | |
390 ><P | |
391 >This directive has no effect in the object file target.</P | |
392 ></DD | |
393 ><DT | |
394 >ALIGN <CODE | |
395 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
396 >expr</CODE | |
397 >[,<CODE | |
398 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
399 >value</CODE | |
400 >]</DT | |
401 ><DD | |
402 ><P | |
403 >Force the current assembly address to be a multiple of | |
404 <CODE | |
405 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
406 >expr</CODE | |
407 >. If <CODE | |
408 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
409 >value</CODE | |
410 > is not | |
411 specified, a series of NUL bytes is output to force the alignment, if | |
412 required. Otherwise, the low order 8 bits of <CODE | |
413 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
414 >value</CODE | |
415 > | |
416 will be used as the fill. The alignment value must be fully resolved on the | |
417 first pass because it affects the addresses of subsquent instructions. | |
418 However, <CODE | |
419 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
420 >value</CODE | |
421 > may include forward references; as | |
422 long as it resolves to a constant for the second pass, the value will be | |
423 accepted.</P | |
424 ><P | |
425 >Unless <CODE | |
426 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
427 >value</CODE | |
428 > is specified as something like $12, | |
429 this directive is not suitable for inclusion in the middle of actual code. | |
430 The default padding value is $00 which is intended to be used within data | |
431 blocks. </P | |
432 ></DD | |
433 ></DL | |
434 ></DIV | |
435 ></DIV | |
436 ><DIV | |
437 CLASS="SECTION" | |
438 ><H2 | |
439 CLASS="SECTION" | |
440 ><A | |
441 NAME="AEN334" | |
442 >3.6.3. Conditional Assembly</A | |
443 ></H2 | |
444 ><P | |
445 >Portions of the source code can be excluded or included based on conditions | |
446 known at assembly time. Conditionals can be nested arbitrarily deeply. The | |
447 directives associated with conditional assembly are described in this section.</P | |
448 ><P | |
449 >All conditionals must be fully bracketed. That is, every conditional | |
450 statement must eventually be followed by an ENDC at the same level of nesting.</P | |
451 ><P | |
452 >Conditional expressions are only evaluated on the first assembly pass. | |
453 It is not possible to game the assembly process by having a conditional | |
454 change its value between assembly passes. Thus there is not and never will | |
455 be any equivalent of IFP1 or IFP2 as provided by other assemblers.</P | |
456 ><P | |
457 ></P | |
458 ><DIV | |
459 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" | |
460 ><DL | |
461 ><DT | |
462 >IFEQ <CODE | |
463 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
464 >expr</CODE | |
465 ></DT | |
466 ><DD | |
467 ><P | |
468 >If <CODE | |
469 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
470 >expr</CODE | |
471 > evaluates to zero, the conditional | |
472 will be considered true.</P | |
473 ></DD | |
474 ><DT | |
475 >IFNE <CODE | |
476 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
477 >expr</CODE | |
478 >, IF <CODE | |
479 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
480 >expr</CODE | |
481 ></DT | |
482 ><DD | |
483 ><P | |
484 >If <CODE | |
485 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
486 >expr</CODE | |
487 > evaluates to a non-zero value, the conditional | |
488 will be considered true.</P | |
489 ></DD | |
490 ><DT | |
491 >IFGT <CODE | |
492 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
493 >expr</CODE | |
494 ></DT | |
495 ><DD | |
496 ><P | |
497 >If <CODE | |
498 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
499 >expr</CODE | |
500 > evaluates to a value greater than zero, the conditional | |
501 will be considered true.</P | |
502 ></DD | |
503 ><DT | |
504 >IFGE <CODE | |
505 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
506 >expr</CODE | |
507 ></DT | |
508 ><DD | |
509 ><P | |
510 >If <CODE | |
511 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
512 >expr</CODE | |
513 > evaluates to a value greater than or equal to zero, the conditional | |
514 will be considered true.</P | |
515 ></DD | |
516 ><DT | |
517 >IFLT <CODE | |
518 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
519 >expr</CODE | |
520 ></DT | |
521 ><DD | |
522 ><P | |
523 >If <CODE | |
524 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
525 >expr</CODE | |
526 > evaluates to a value less than zero, the conditional | |
527 will be considered true.</P | |
528 ></DD | |
529 ><DT | |
530 >IFLE <CODE | |
531 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
532 >expr</CODE | |
533 ></DT | |
534 ><DD | |
535 ><P | |
536 >If <CODE | |
537 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
538 >expr</CODE | |
539 > evaluates to a value less than or equal to zero , the conditional | |
540 will be considered true.</P | |
541 ></DD | |
542 ><DT | |
543 >IFDEF <CODE | |
544 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
545 >sym</CODE | |
546 ></DT | |
547 ><DD | |
548 ><P | |
549 >If <CODE | |
550 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
551 >sym</CODE | |
552 > is defined at this point in the assembly | |
553 process, the conditional | |
554 will be considered true.</P | |
555 ></DD | |
556 ><DT | |
557 >IFNDEF <CODE | |
558 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
559 >sym</CODE | |
560 ></DT | |
561 ><DD | |
562 ><P | |
563 >If <CODE | |
564 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
565 >sym</CODE | |
566 > is not defined at this point in the assembly | |
567 process, the conditional | |
568 will be considered true.</P | |
569 ></DD | |
570 ><DT | |
571 >ELSE</DT | |
572 ><DD | |
573 ><P | |
574 >If the preceding conditional at the same level of nesting was false, the | |
575 statements following will be assembled. If the preceding conditional at | |
576 the same level was true, the statements following will not be assembled. | |
577 Note that the preceding conditional might have been another ELSE statement | |
578 although this behaviour is not guaranteed to be supported in future versions | |
579 of LWASM.</P | |
580 ></DD | |
581 ><DT | |
582 >ENDC</DT | |
583 ><DD | |
584 ><P | |
585 >This directive marks the end of a conditional construct. Every conditional | |
586 construct must end with an ENDC directive.</P | |
587 ></DD | |
588 ></DL | |
589 ></DIV | |
590 ></DIV | |
591 ><DIV | |
592 CLASS="SECTION" | |
593 ><H2 | |
594 CLASS="SECTION" | |
595 ><A | |
596 NAME="AEN398" | |
597 >3.6.4. OS9 Target Directives</A | |
598 ></H2 | |
599 ><P | |
600 >This section includes directives that apply solely to the OS9 | |
601 target.</P | |
602 ><P | |
603 ></P | |
604 ><DIV | |
605 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" | |
606 ><DL | |
607 ><DT | |
608 >OS9 <CODE | |
609 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
610 >syscall</CODE | |
611 ></DT | |
612 ><DD | |
613 ><P | |
614 > This directive generates a call to the specified system call. <CODE | |
615 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
616 >syscall</CODE | |
617 > may be an arbitrary expression. </P | |
618 ></DD | |
619 ><DT | |
620 >MOD <CODE | |
621 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
622 >size</CODE | |
623 >,<CODE | |
624 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
625 >name</CODE | |
626 >,<CODE | |
627 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
628 >type</CODE | |
629 >,<CODE | |
630 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
631 >flags</CODE | |
632 >,<CODE | |
633 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
634 >execoff</CODE | |
635 >,<CODE | |
636 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
637 >datasize</CODE | |
638 ></DT | |
639 ><DD | |
640 ><P | |
641 > This tells LWASM that the beginning of the actual module is here. It will | |
642 generate a module header based on the parameters specified. It will also | |
643 begin calcuating the module CRC. </P | |
644 ><P | |
645 > The precise meaning of the various parameters is beyond the scope of this | |
646 document since it is not a tutorial on OS9 module programming. </P | |
647 ></DD | |
648 ><DT | |
649 >EMOD</DT | |
650 ><DD | |
651 ><P | |
652 > This marks the end of a module and causes LWASM to emit the calculated CRC | |
653 for the module. </P | |
654 ></DD | |
655 ></DL | |
656 ></DIV | |
657 ></DIV | |
658 ><DIV | |
659 CLASS="SECTION" | |
660 ><H2 | |
661 CLASS="SECTION" | |
662 ><A | |
663 NAME="AEN423" | |
664 >3.6.5. Miscelaneous Directives</A | |
665 ></H2 | |
666 ><P | |
667 >This section includes directives that do not fit into the other | |
668 categories.</P | |
669 ><P | |
670 ></P | |
671 ><DIV | |
672 CLASS="VARIABLELIST" | |
673 ><DL | |
674 ><DT | |
675 >INCLUDE <CODE | |
676 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
677 >filename</CODE | |
678 >, USE <CODE | |
679 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
680 >filename</CODE | |
681 ></DT | |
682 ><DD | |
683 ><P | |
684 > Include the contents of <CODE | |
685 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
686 >filename</CODE | |
687 > at | |
688 this point in the assembly as though it were a part of the file currently | |
689 being processed. Note that if whitespace appears in the name of the file, | |
690 you must enclose <CODE | |
691 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
692 >filename</CODE | |
693 > in quotes.</P | |
694 ><P | |
695 >Note that the USE variation is provided only for compatibility with other | |
696 assemblers. It is recommended to use the INCLUDE variation.</P | |
697 ></DD | |
698 ><DT | |
699 >END <CODE | |
700 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
701 >[expr]</CODE | |
702 ></DT | |
703 ><DD | |
704 ><P | |
705 >This directive causes the assembler to stop assembling immediately as though | |
706 it ran out of input. For the DECB target only, <CODE | |
707 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
708 >expr</CODE | |
709 > | |
710 can be used to set the execution address of the resulting binary. For all | |
711 other targets, specifying <CODE | |
712 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
713 >expr</CODE | |
714 > will cause an error.</P | |
715 ></DD | |
716 ><DT | |
717 >ERROR <CODE | |
718 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
719 >string</CODE | |
720 ></DT | |
721 ><DD | |
722 ><P | |
723 >Causes a custom error message to be printed at this line. This will cause | |
724 assembly to fail. This directive is most useful inside conditional constructs | |
725 to cause assembly to fail if some condition that is known bad happens.</P | |
726 ></DD | |
727 ><DT | |
728 >.MODULE <CODE | |
729 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
730 >string</CODE | |
731 ></DT | |
732 ><DD | |
733 ><P | |
734 >This directive is ignored for most output targets. If the output target | |
735 supports encoding a module name into it, <CODE | |
736 CLASS="PARAMETER" | |
737 >string</CODE | |
738 > | |
739 will be used as the module name.</P | |
740 ><P | |
741 >As of version 2.2, no supported output targets support this directive.</P | |
742 ></DD | |
743 ></DL | |
744 ></DIV | |
745 ></DIV | |
746 ></DIV | |
747 ><DIV | |
748 CLASS="NAVFOOTER" | |
749 ><HR | |
750 ALIGN="LEFT" | |
751 WIDTH="100%"><TABLE | |
752 SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" | |
753 WIDTH="100%" | |
754 BORDER="0" | |
755 CELLPADDING="0" | |
756 CELLSPACING="0" | |
757 ><TR | |
758 ><TD | |
759 WIDTH="33%" | |
760 ALIGN="left" | |
761 VALIGN="top" | |
762 ><A | |
763 HREF="x173.html" | |
764 ACCESSKEY="P" | |
765 >Prev</A | |
766 ></TD | |
767 ><TD | |
768 WIDTH="34%" | |
769 ALIGN="center" | |
770 VALIGN="top" | |
771 ><A | |
772 HREF="index.html" | |
773 ACCESSKEY="H" | |
774 >Home</A | |
775 ></TD | |
776 ><TD | |
777 WIDTH="33%" | |
778 ALIGN="right" | |
779 VALIGN="top" | |
780 ><A | |
781 HREF="x456.html" | |
782 ACCESSKEY="N" | |
783 >Next</A | |
784 ></TD | |
785 ></TR | |
786 ><TR | |
787 ><TD | |
788 WIDTH="33%" | |
789 ALIGN="left" | |
790 VALIGN="top" | |
791 >Numbers and Expressions</TD | |
792 ><TD | |
793 WIDTH="34%" | |
794 ALIGN="center" | |
795 VALIGN="top" | |
796 ><A | |
797 HREF="c43.html" | |
798 ACCESSKEY="U" | |
799 >Up</A | |
800 ></TD | |
801 ><TD | |
802 WIDTH="33%" | |
803 ALIGN="right" | |
804 VALIGN="top" | |
805 >Macros</TD | |
806 ></TR | |
807 ></TABLE | |
808 ></DIV | |
809 ></BODY | |
810 ></HTML | |
811 > |